Dynasty 5 middle kings (Shepseskare, Neferefre/Raneferef, Nyuserre Ini, Menkauhor, Djedkare Isesi)

A grouped entry for the securely-attested middle kings of Dynasty 5: the ephemeral Shepseskare and Neferefre, the prolific builder Nyuserre Ini at Abusir, Menkauhor, and Djedkare Isesi, under whom the wisdom-text the Instruction of Ptahhotep is traditionally set. All are historical; they are grouped here for brevity. The Instruction's attribution to the vizier Ptahhotep is a traditional ascription rather than evidence of contemporary authorship.