Gallienus
c. 218 CE–c. 268 CE · Rome
Gallienus was a long-reigning emperor of the Crisis of the Third Century (sole rule 260–268) who reorganized the army around a mobile cavalry force while large parts of the empire broke away under the Gallic and Palmyrene regimes. Soon after his father Valerian was captured by the Persians in 260, Gallienus issued rescripts that halted Valerian's persecution of Christians, restoring confiscated places of worship and cemeteries; this inaugurated roughly four decades of relative tolerance later called the "Little Peace of the Church," though scholars debate whether it amounted to formal legal recognition of Christianity.
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RomeרומאItaly
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About Rome
# Rome In the late eleventh and twelfth centuries, Rome lay within the Papal States, the territorial domain of the Catholic Church, though its temporal glory as an empire had long faded. The city sprawled across its famous hills along the Tiber River, a landscape of crumbling ancient monuments, medieval fortifications, and Romanesque churches that dominated the skyline. The Jewish community of Rome was among Europe's most ancient, tracing roots to the second century BCE, and it flourished in a precarious but resilient position under papal authority; while confined to restricted quarters and subject to discriminatory laws, Roman Jews maintained a sophisticated intellectual and commercial life, with Hebrew scholarship and biblical commentary flourishing despite—or perhaps because of—the community's isolation. The Jewish quarter itself, densely packed and vibrant, became a center of learning where skilled scribes copied manuscripts and rabbinical discussions drew on centuries of local tradition. What made Rome extraordinary for Torah study was not merely its learned scholars but the tangible presence of antiquity itself: the community lived amid the ruins of pagan temples and Roman law, giving their interpretations of Jewish law a unique resonance, as if they were rebuilding Jewish civilization in the very streets where Roman power had once reigned supreme.
In Rome at the same time
Across the traditions, in Rome at the same time
In the same place & time
Sages whose lives overlapped with Gallienus’s in the same cities, drawn from their recorded journeys.
Across the traditions
In the same tradition
The world in their lifetime
Thinkers and teachers of other traditions whose lives overlapped with Gallienus’s — a glimpse of the wider world they lived in. Drawn purely from recorded birth and death years.
Works
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