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christian-councils-heresiestraced through 9 key works

Council of Chalcedon (451)

One person in two natures, unconfused and undivided — and the council that split a communion

The Council of Chalcedon (451), the fourth ecumenical council, defined Christ as one person in two natures, without confusion or division, drawing on the Chalcedonian Definition and the Tome of Leo. It is received by Catholic, Orthodox, and Protestant traditions. The Oriental Orthodox (non-Chalcedonian) churches rejected its formula, so the traditions differ; much subsequent dialogue has explored whether the division rests on words more than substance.

How it traveled

  1. The Fourth Ecumenical Council. The Council of Chalcedon
    Chalcedon · c. 451 CE
    explains
  2. The Ecclesiastical History, Dialogues, and Letters of Theodoret
    Cyrrhus · c. 458 CE
    explains
  3. The Letters and Sermons of Leo the Great
    Rome · c. 461 CE
    explains
  4. The Fifth Ecumenical Council. The Second Council of Constantinople
    Constantinople (Istanbul) · c. 553 CE
    explains
  5. The Book of Pastoral Rule, and Selected Epistles, of Gregory the Great
    Rome · c. 604 CE
    explains
  6. Selected Epistles of Gregory the Great
    Rome · c. 604 CE
    explains
  7. The Canons of the Council in Trullo; Often Called The Quinisext Council
    Constantinople (Istanbul) · c. 692 CE
    applies
  8. Treatise on the Incarnation (qq[1]-59)
    Paris · c. 1274 CE
    applies
  9. Book Fourth. of the Holy Catholic Church
    Geneva · c. 1564 CE
    explains

Key passages(20)

Each passage is tagged by what it does with the idea: explains it, applies it in practice, redefines it with a new meaning, or challenges it. Relevance shows how directly the passage is about this idea.

The Letters and Sermons of Leo the Great · Pope Leo the Great

Relevance: Very high

Letter XCIII. To the Synod of Chalcedon. Leo, the bishop of the city of Rome, to the holy Synod, assembled at Nicæa In accordance with instructions, the bishops, to the number of 529, first met at

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Relevance: Very high

The contention of those who disapproved of the condemnation of “The Three Chapters” by the fifth council was not only that the condemnation of deceased persons was wrong as well as useless, but also t

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Besides, since with the heart man believeth unto righteousness, and with the mouth confession is made unto salvation, I confess that I receive and revere, as the four books of the Gospel so also the f

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CXXXVIII. To Anatolius the Patrician. This is the last of the series of Theodoret’s letters to his illustrious friend. It expresses his gratitude for his restitution by Marcian and begs Anatolius to

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The Fourth Ecumenical Council. The Council of Chalcedon · The Ecumenical Councils

Relevance: Very high

Extracts from the Acts. Session I. (Labbe and Cossart, Concilia, Tom. IV., col. 93.) Paschasinus, the most reverend bishop and legate of the Apostolic See, stood up in the midst with his most rever

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The Fourth Ecumenical Council. The Council of Chalcedon · The Ecumenical Councils

Relevance: Very high

Extracts from the Acts. Session II. (L. and C., Concilia, Tom. IV., col. 338.) When all were seated before the rails of the most holy altar, the most superb and glorious judges and the great (ὑπερφ

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The Fourth Ecumenical Council. The Council of Chalcedon · The Ecumenical Councils

Relevance: Very high

Extracts from the Acts. Session II. (Continued). (L. and C., Conc., Tom. IV., col. 343.) And when these letters [i.e. Cyril’s letter to Nestorius Καταφλυαροῦσι and his letter to John of Antioch Εὐφ

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The Fourth Ecumenical Council. The Council of Chalcedon · The Ecumenical Councils

Relevance: Very high

Extracts from the Acts. Session II. (continued). (Labbe and Cossart, Concilia, Tom. IV., col. 368.) After the reading of the foregoing epistle, the most reverend bishops cried out: This is the fait

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The Fourth Ecumenical Council. The Council of Chalcedon · The Ecumenical Councils

Relevance: Very high

Extracts from the Acts. Session VI. (Labbe and Cossart, Concilia, Tom. IV., col. 611.) [The Emperor was present in person and addressed the Council and afterwards suggested legislation under three

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The Fourth Ecumenical Council. The Council of Chalcedon · The Ecumenical Councils

Relevance: Very high

Extracts from the Acts. Session XVI. (Labbe and Cossart, Concilia, Tom. IV., col. 794.) Paschasinus and Lucentius, the most reverend bishops, holding the place of the Apostolic See, said: If your m

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The Fourth Ecumenical Council. The Council of Chalcedon · The Ecumenical Councils

Relevance: Very high

The most reverend bishops cried out: This is a just sentence. So we all say. These things please us all. This is a just determination. Establish the proposed form of decree. This is a just vote. All h

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The Fourth Ecumenical Council. The Council of Chalcedon · The Ecumenical Councils

Relevance: Very high

Session V. (Labbe and Cossart, Concilia, Tom. IV., col. 555.) Paschasinus and Lucentius the most reverend bishops and Boniface a presbyter, vicars of the Apostolic See of Rome, said: If they do not

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Relevance: Very high

The Condemnation Sent by the Holy and Ecumenical Synod to Dioscorus. (Labbe and Cossart, Concilia, Tom. IV., col. 459.) The holy and great and ecumenical Synod, which by the grace of God according t

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Relevance: Very high

The Decree with Regard to the Bishop of Ephesus. Session XII. (Labbe and Cossart, Concilia, Tom. IV., col. 706.) The most glorious judges said: Since the proposition of the God-beloved archbishop o

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Relevance: Very high

Since after judgment had been delivered concerning him, there was need that all should agree in the right faith (for which purpose the most pious emperor had with the greatest pains assembled the holy

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Relevance: Very high

It is clear that if any doubt had then existed as to the correct reading, Leontius could not have opposed the Monophysites with such certainty. The passage adduced by him is Actio iv., c. 7., in Galla

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Relevance: Very high

Canon VII. We have decreed that those who have once been enrolled among the clergy, or have been made monks, shall accept neither a military charge nor any secular dignity; and if they shall presume

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Relevance: Very high

Canon XVIII. The crime of conspiracy or banding together is utterly prohibited even by the secular law, and much more ought it to be forbidden in the Church of God. Therefore, if any, whether clergym

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Relevance: Very high

Canon XXI. Clergymen and laymen bringing charges against bishops or clergymen are not to be received loosely and without examination, as accusers, but their own character shall first be investigated.

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Relevance: Very high

Canon XXVIII. Following in all things the decisions of the holy Fathers, and acknowledging the canon, which has been just read, of the One Hundred and Fifty Bishops beloved-of-God (who assembled in t

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