Council of Chalcedon (451)
One person in two natures, unconfused and undivided — and the council that split a communion
The Council of Chalcedon (451), the fourth ecumenical council, defined Christ as one person in two natures, without confusion or division, drawing on the Chalcedonian Definition and the Tome of Leo. It is received by Catholic, Orthodox, and Protestant traditions. The Oriental Orthodox (non-Chalcedonian) churches rejected its formula, so the traditions differ; much subsequent dialogue has explored whether the division rests on words more than substance.
How it traveled
- The Fourth Ecumenical Council. The Council of ChalcedonChalcedon · c. 451 CEexplains
- The Ecclesiastical History, Dialogues, and Letters of TheodoretCyrrhus · c. 458 CEexplains
- The Letters and Sermons of Leo the GreatRome · c. 461 CEexplains
- The Fifth Ecumenical Council. The Second Council of ConstantinopleConstantinople (Istanbul) · c. 553 CEexplains
- The Book of Pastoral Rule, and Selected Epistles, of Gregory the GreatRome · c. 604 CEexplains
- Selected Epistles of Gregory the GreatRome · c. 604 CEexplains
- The Canons of the Council in Trullo; Often Called The Quinisext CouncilConstantinople (Istanbul) · c. 692 CEapplies
- Treatise on the Incarnation (qq[1]-59)Paris · c. 1274 CEapplies
- Book Fourth. of the Holy Catholic ChurchGeneva · c. 1564 CEexplains
Key passages(20)
Each passage is tagged by what it does with the idea: explains it, applies it in practice, redefines it with a new meaning, or challenges it. Relevance shows how directly the passage is about this idea.
The Letters and Sermons of Leo the Great · Pope Leo the Great
Letter XCIII. To the Synod of Chalcedon. Leo, the bishop of the city of Rome, to the holy Synod, assembled at Nicæa In accordance with instructions, the bishops, to the number of 529, first met at
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The Book of Pastoral Rule, and Selected Epistles, of Gregory the Great · Pope Gregory the Great
The contention of those who disapproved of the condemnation of “The Three Chapters” by the fifth council was not only that the condemnation of deceased persons was wrong as well as useless, but also t
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The Book of Pastoral Rule, and Selected Epistles, of Gregory the Great · Pope Gregory the Great
Besides, since with the heart man believeth unto righteousness, and with the mouth confession is made unto salvation, I confess that I receive and revere, as the four books of the Gospel so also the f
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The Ecclesiastical History, Dialogues, and Letters of Theodoret · Theodoret of Cyrus
CXXXVIII. To Anatolius the Patrician. This is the last of the series of Theodoret’s letters to his illustrious friend. It expresses his gratitude for his restitution by Marcian and begs Anatolius to
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The Fourth Ecumenical Council. The Council of Chalcedon · The Ecumenical Councils
Extracts from the Acts. Session I. (Labbe and Cossart, Concilia, Tom. IV., col. 93.) Paschasinus, the most reverend bishop and legate of the Apostolic See, stood up in the midst with his most rever
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The Fourth Ecumenical Council. The Council of Chalcedon · The Ecumenical Councils
Extracts from the Acts. Session II. (L. and C., Concilia, Tom. IV., col. 338.) When all were seated before the rails of the most holy altar, the most superb and glorious judges and the great (ὑπερφ
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The Fourth Ecumenical Council. The Council of Chalcedon · The Ecumenical Councils
Extracts from the Acts. Session II. (Continued). (L. and C., Conc., Tom. IV., col. 343.) And when these letters [i.e. Cyril’s letter to Nestorius Καταφλυαροῦσι and his letter to John of Antioch Εὐφ
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The Fourth Ecumenical Council. The Council of Chalcedon · The Ecumenical Councils
Extracts from the Acts. Session II. (continued). (Labbe and Cossart, Concilia, Tom. IV., col. 368.) After the reading of the foregoing epistle, the most reverend bishops cried out: This is the fait
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The Fourth Ecumenical Council. The Council of Chalcedon · The Ecumenical Councils
Extracts from the Acts. Session VI. (Labbe and Cossart, Concilia, Tom. IV., col. 611.) [The Emperor was present in person and addressed the Council and afterwards suggested legislation under three
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The Fourth Ecumenical Council. The Council of Chalcedon · The Ecumenical Councils
Extracts from the Acts. Session XVI. (Labbe and Cossart, Concilia, Tom. IV., col. 794.) Paschasinus and Lucentius, the most reverend bishops, holding the place of the Apostolic See, said: If your m
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The Fourth Ecumenical Council. The Council of Chalcedon · The Ecumenical Councils
The most reverend bishops cried out: This is a just sentence. So we all say. These things please us all. This is a just determination. Establish the proposed form of decree. This is a just vote. All h
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The Fourth Ecumenical Council. The Council of Chalcedon · The Ecumenical Councils
Session V. (Labbe and Cossart, Concilia, Tom. IV., col. 555.) Paschasinus and Lucentius the most reverend bishops and Boniface a presbyter, vicars of the Apostolic See of Rome, said: If they do not
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The Fourth Ecumenical Council. The Council of Chalcedon · The Ecumenical Councils
The Condemnation Sent by the Holy and Ecumenical Synod to Dioscorus. (Labbe and Cossart, Concilia, Tom. IV., col. 459.) The holy and great and ecumenical Synod, which by the grace of God according t
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The Fourth Ecumenical Council. The Council of Chalcedon · The Ecumenical Councils
The Decree with Regard to the Bishop of Ephesus. Session XII. (Labbe and Cossart, Concilia, Tom. IV., col. 706.) The most glorious judges said: Since the proposition of the God-beloved archbishop o
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The Fourth Ecumenical Council. The Council of Chalcedon · The Ecumenical Councils
Since after judgment had been delivered concerning him, there was need that all should agree in the right faith (for which purpose the most pious emperor had with the greatest pains assembled the holy
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The Fourth Ecumenical Council. The Council of Chalcedon · The Ecumenical Councils
It is clear that if any doubt had then existed as to the correct reading, Leontius could not have opposed the Monophysites with such certainty. The passage adduced by him is Actio iv., c. 7., in Galla
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The Fourth Ecumenical Council. The Council of Chalcedon · The Ecumenical Councils
Canon VII. We have decreed that those who have once been enrolled among the clergy, or have been made monks, shall accept neither a military charge nor any secular dignity; and if they shall presume
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The Fourth Ecumenical Council. The Council of Chalcedon · The Ecumenical Councils
Canon XVIII. The crime of conspiracy or banding together is utterly prohibited even by the secular law, and much more ought it to be forbidden in the Church of God. Therefore, if any, whether clergym
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The Fourth Ecumenical Council. The Council of Chalcedon · The Ecumenical Councils
Canon XXI. Clergymen and laymen bringing charges against bishops or clergymen are not to be received loosely and without examination, as accusers, but their own character shall first be investigated.
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The Fourth Ecumenical Council. The Council of Chalcedon · The Ecumenical Councils
Canon XXVIII. Following in all things the decisions of the holy Fathers, and acknowledging the canon, which has been just read, of the One Hundred and Fifty Bishops beloved-of-God (who assembled in t
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