Third Council of Constantinople (680–681)
If Christ is fully human, he must have a human will too
This sixth ecumenical council, meeting in 680-681, addressed whether Christ had one will or two. Drawing on the theology of Maximus the Confessor, it condemned Monothelitism (the teaching of a single will) and affirmed that Christ possesses two wills, divine and human, working in harmony. This safeguarded his full humanity. The decision is received by the Chalcedonian churches as authoritative.
How it traveled
- The Sixth Ecumenical Council. The Third Council of ConstantinopleConstantinople (Istanbul) · c. 680 CEexplains
- Treatise on the Incarnation (qq[1]-59)Paris · c. 1274 CEexplains
Key passages(20)
Each passage is tagged by what it does with the idea: explains it, applies it in practice, redefines it with a new meaning, or challenges it. Relevance shows how directly the passage is about this idea.
The Sixth Ecumenical Council. The Third Council of Constantinople · The Ecumenical Councils
Letter of the Council to St. Agatho. (Found in Migne, Pat. Lat., Tom. LXXXVII., col. 1247 et seqq.; and Labbe and Cossart, Concilia, Tom. VI., col. 1071 et seqq.) A copy of the letter sent by the ho
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The Sixth Ecumenical Council. The Third Council of Constantinople · The Ecumenical Councils
Extracts from the Acts. Session I. (Labbe and Cossart, Concilia, Tom. VI., col. 609 et seqq.) [After a history of the assembly of the Council, the Acts begin with the Speech of the Papal Legates, a
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The Sixth Ecumenical Council. The Third Council of Constantinople · The Ecumenical Councils
Extracts from the Acts. Session VIII. (Labbe and Cossart, Concilia, Tom. VI., col. 730.) [The Emperor said] Let George, the most holy archbishop of this our God-preserved city, and let Macarius, t
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The Sixth Ecumenical Council. The Third Council of Constantinople · The Ecumenical Councils
Session XVI. (Labbe and Cossart, Concilia, Tom. VI., col. 1010.) [The Acclamations of the Fathers.] Many years to the Emperor! Many years to Constantine, our great Emperor! Many years to the Orthod
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The Sixth Ecumenical Council. The Third Council of Constantinople · The Ecumenical Councils
The Imperial Edict Posted in the Third Atrium of the Great Church Near What is Called Dicymbala. In the name of our Lord and Master Jesus Christ, our God and Saviour, the most pious Emperor, the peac
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The Sixth Ecumenical Council. The Third Council of Constantinople · The Ecumenical Councils
How then can that now be asserted which never was said by the holy orthodox fathers, nor even was presumptuously invented by the profane heretics, viz.: that of the two natures of Christ, the divine a
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The Sixth Ecumenical Council. The Third Council of Constantinople · The Ecumenical Councils
And these things we have taken pains to insert in the tractate of our humility, for we have been afflicted and have groaned without ceasing that such grievous errors should be entertained by bishops o
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The Sixth Ecumenical Council. The Third Council of Constantinople · The Ecumenical Councils
The Sentence Against the Monothelites. Session XIII. (L. and C., Concilia, Tom. VI., col. 943.) The holy council said: After we had reconsidered, according to our promise which we had made to your
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Treatise on the Incarnation (qq[1]-59) · Thomas Aquinas
We must now consider unity as regards the will; and under this head there are six points of inquiry: (1) Whether the Divine will and the human are distinct in Christ? (2) Whether in Christ's human n
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The Sixth Ecumenical Council. The Third Council of Constantinople · The Ecumenical Councils
Moreover, most pious and God-instructed sons and lords, if the Archbishop of the Church of Constantinople shall choose to hold and to preach with us this most unblameable rule of Apostolic doctrine of
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Treatise on the Incarnation (qq[1]-59) · Thomas Aquinas
We must now consider the unity of Christ's operation; and under this head there are four points of inquiry: (1) Whether in Christ there was one or several operations of the Godhead and Manhood? (2)
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John of Damascus: Exposition of the Orthodox Faith · John of Damascus
Confessing, then, the same Jesus Christ, our Lord, to be perfect God and perfect man, we hold that the same has all the attributes of the Father save that of being ingenerate, and all the attributes o
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The Sixth Ecumenical Council. The Third Council of Constantinople · The Ecumenical Councils
The Letter of Pope Agatho. (Found in Migne, Pat. Lat., Tom. LXXXVII., col. 1161; L. and C., Tom. VI., col. 630.) Agatho a bishop and servant of the servants of God to the most devout and serene vict
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Treatise on the Incarnation (qq[1]-59) · Thomas Aquinas
Therefore in Christ the human nature has its proper form and power whereby it acts; and so has the Divine. Hence the human nature has its proper operation distinct from the Divine, and conversely. Nev
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The Canons of the Council in Trullo; Often Called The Quinisext Council · The Ecumenical Councils
Canon LXXIII. Since the life-giving cross has shewn to us Salvation, we should be careful that we render due honour to that by which we were saved from the ancient fall. Wherefore, in mind, in word,
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The Canons of the Council in Trullo; Often Called The Quinisext Council · The Ecumenical Councils
Canon LXXXI. Whereas we have heard that in some places in the hymn Trisagion there is added after “Holy and Immortal,” “Who was crucified for us, have mercy upon us,” and since this as being alien to
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The Sixth Ecumenical Council. The Third Council of Constantinople · The Ecumenical Councils
This is the pure expression of piety. This is the true and immaculate profession of the Christian religion, not invented by human cunning, but which was taught by the Holy Ghost through the princes of
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The Sixth Ecumenical Council. The Third Council of Constantinople · The Ecumenical Councils
From which testimonies it is clear that each of those natures which the spiritual Doctor has here enumerated has its own natural property, and that to each one a will ought to be assigned. For an ange
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Treatise on the Incarnation (qq[1]-59) · Thomas Aquinas
We must now consider Christ's knowledge; concerning which the consideration will be twofold. First, of Christ's knowledge in general; secondly, of each particular kind of knowledge He had. Under the
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The Fifth Ecumenical Council. The Second Council of Constantinople · The Ecumenical Councils
If anyone uses the expression “of two natures,” confessing that a union was made of the Godhead and of the humanity, or the expression “the one nature made flesh of God the Word,” and shall not so und
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