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christian-councils-heresiesfeatured in 28 works

First Council of Nicaea (325)

Is the Son a creature, or one in being with the Father?

Convened in 325, the first ecumenical council confronted Arianism, which held that the Son was a created being. The council confessed instead that the Son is homoousios, 'of one substance,' with the Father, fully and eternally God. This conviction was enshrined in the original Nicene Creed and became a cornerstone of orthodox Christian belief about the divinity of Christ across the major traditions.

How it traveled

  1. The First Ecumenical Council: The First Council of Nice
    Nicaea · 325
    explains
  2. The Life of Constantine with Orations of Constantine and Eusebius
    Caesarea · 339
    explains
  3. The Church History of Eusebius
    Caesarea · 339
    explains
  4. Defence of the Nicene Definition. (De Decretis.)
    Alexandria · 373
    explains
  5. On the Councils of Ariminum and Seleucia. (De Synodis.)
    Alexandria · 373
    explains
  6. Defence Against the Arians. (Apologia Contra Arianos.)
    Alexandria · 373
    explains
  7. Letters of Athanasius with Two Ancient Chronicles of His Life
    Alexandria · 373
    explains
  8. Circular to Bishops of Egypt and Libya. (Ad Episcopos Ægypti Et Libyæ Epistola Encyclica.)
    Alexandria · 373
    explains
  9. Synodal Letter to the Bishops of Africa. (Ad Afros Epistola Synodica.)
    Alexandria · 373
    explains
  10. Letter of Eusebius. (Epistola Eusebii.)
    Alexandria · 373
    explains
  11. Synodal Letter to the People of Antioch. (Tomus ad Antiochenos.)
    Alexandria · 373
    applies
  12. The Letters
    Caesarea (Cappadocia) · 379
    explains
  13. De Spiritu Sancto
    Caesarea (Cappadocia) · 379
    explains
  14. The Second Ecumenical Council: The First Council of Constantinople
    Constantinople (Istanbul) · 381
    explains
  15. Select Orations of Saint Gregory Nazianzen
    Nazianzus · 390
    explains
  16. Exposition of the Christian Faith
    Milan · 397
    explains
  17. Selections from the Letters of St. Ambrose
    Milan · 397
    explains
  18. The Dialogue Against the Luciferians
    Bethlehem · 420
    explains
  19. The Sacred History Of Sulpitius Severus
    Toulouse (Aquitaine) · 425
    explains
  20. The Seven Books of John Cassian on the Incarnation of the Lord, Against Nestorius
    Marseille · 435
    applies
  21. The Ecclesiastical History of Socrates Scholasticus
    Constantinople (Istanbul) · 439
    explains
  22. The Ecclesiastical History of Sozomen
    Constantinople (Istanbul) · 450
    explains
  23. The Ecclesiastical History, Dialogues, and Letters of Theodoret
    Cyrrhus · 458
    explains
  24. The Letters and Sermons of Leo the Great
    Rome · 461
    explains
  25. The Fifth Ecumenical Council. The Second Council of Constantinople
    Constantinople (Istanbul) · 553
    explains
  26. The Book of Pastoral Rule, and Selected Epistles, of Gregory the Great
    Rome · 604
    explains
  27. The Canons of the Synods of Sardica, Carthage, Constantinople, and Carthage Under St. Cyprian, Which Canons Were Received by the Council in Trullo and Ratified by II. Nice
    Constantinople (Istanbul) · 692
    explains
  28. Book Fourth. of the Holy Catholic Church
    Geneva · 1564
    explains

Key passages(20)

Chapter IX.—The Letter of the Synod, relative to its Decisions: and the Condemnation of Arius and those who agreed with him. To the holy, by the grace of God, and great church of the Alexandrians, an

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The First Ecumenical Council: The First Council of Nice · The Ecumenical Councils

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The Synodal Letter. (Found in Gelasius, Historia Concilii Nicæni, lib. II, cap. xxxiii.; Socr., H. E., lib. I., cap. 6; Theodor., H. E., Lib. I., cap. 9.) To the Church of Alexandria, by the grace o

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‘A variety of topics having been introduced by each party and much controversy being excited from the very commencement, the emperor listened to all with patient attention, deliberately and impartiall

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Canon XVIII. It has come to the knowledge of the holy and great Synod that, in some districts and cities, the deacons administer the Eucharist to the presbyters, whereas neither canon nor custom perm

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To the Bishops of Africa. Letter of Ninety Bishops of Egypt and Libya, including Athanasius. ———————————— 1. Pre-Eminence of the Council of Nicæa. Efforts to exalt that of Ariminum at its expense.

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Circular to Bishops of Egypt and Libya. (Ad Episcopos Ægypti Et Libyæ Epistola Encyclica.) · Athanasius of Alexandria

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Chapter II. 12. Arian statements. Now the Bishop Alexander of blessed memory cast Arius out of the Church for holding and maintaining the following opinions: ‘God was not always a Father: The Son wa

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Chapter II.—Conduct of the Arians towards the Nicene Council. Ignorant as well as irreligious to attempt to reverse an Ecumenical Council: proceedings at Nicæa: Eusebians then signed what they now com

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Exposition of the Christian Faith · Ambrose of Milan

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The author praises Gratian’s zeal for instruction in the Faith, and speaks lowly of his own merits. Taught of God Himself, the Emperor stands in no need of human instruction; yet this his devoutness p

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Exposition of the Christian Faith · Ambrose of Milan

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St. Ambrose has here rendered into Latin the anathema appended to the original Nicene Creed of 325 a.d. Notice “substance or οὐσία.” The original is substantia vel οὐσίᾳ. The closer Greek equivalent o

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Exposition of the Christian Faith · Ambrose of Milan

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114. Now I know that some assert that the mystic incarnate form was uncreated, forasmuch as nothing was done therein through intercourse with a man, because our Lord was the offspring of a virgin. If,

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Council of Nicæa. ———————————— Letter of Eusebius of Cæsarea to the people of his Diocese This Letter is also found in Socr. H. E. i. 8. Theod. H. E. i. Gelas. Hist. Nic. ii. 34. p. 442. Niceph. Hi

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45. Thus the Bishop. If then any one finds fault with those who met at Nicæa, as if they contradicted the decisions of their predecessors, he might reasonably find fault also with the seventy, because

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54. This is why the Nicene Council was correct in writing, what it was becoming to say, that the Son, begotten from the Father’s essence, is coessential with Him. And if we too have been taught the sa

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For this Synod of Nicæa is in truth a proscription of every heresy. It also upsets those who blaspheme the Holy Spirit, and call Him a Creature. For the Fathers, after speaking of the faith in the Son

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Tome or Synodal Letter to the People of Antioch. ———————————— To our beloved and much-desired fellow-ministers Eusebius Eusebius of Vercellæ, exiled (Hist. Ar. 33; Ap. Fug. 4) after Milan 355. See

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Besides, since with the heart man believeth unto righteousness, and with the mouth confession is made unto salvation, I confess that I receive and revere, as the four books of the Gospel so also the f

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Faustinus the bishop, legate of the Roman Church, said: So far as has developed by the confession of your holiness as well as of the holy Alypius, and of our brother Jocundus, I believe that some of t

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It is evident that the Latin text here is corrupt in more places than one. There would seem to be no doubt that for Migne’s reading quæ sibi, the Greek translators had quæ si ibi and accordingly rende

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