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Wellsprings
christian-customstraced through 17 key works

Fasting & Abstinence Rules

Which days, which foods? The calendar of self-denial that still divides the churches

These are the regulated rules for abstaining from food, or from particular foods like meat, dairy, oil, or wine, on appointed days and seasons. The Didache already set Wednesday and Friday fasts, on Wednesday and Friday, distinct from the Jewish fast days of Monday and Thursday. The traditions differ widely today: Orthodox and Oriental churches keep extensive year-round fasting, Catholic rules were relaxed after the Second Vatican Council, and many Protestants made fasting a voluntary personal practice rather than a binding rule.

How it traveled

  1. Mark
    Rome · c. 68 CE
    applies
  2. Matthew
    Antioch · c. 80 CE
    applies
  3. Acts
    Rome · c. 84 CE
    applies
  4. Luke
    Rome · c. 84 CE
    applies
  5. On Fasting.
    — · c. 220 CE
    explains
  6. The Canonical Epistle, with the Commentaries of Theodore Balsamon and John Zonaras.
    — · c. 220 CE
    applies
  7. On Prayer.
    — · c. 220 CE
    applies
  8. The Canons of the Councils of Ancyra, Gangra, Neocæsarea, Antioch and Laodicea, which Canons were Accepted and Received by the Ecumenical Synods
    — · c. 360 CE
    applies
  9. Letters of Athanasius with Two Ancient Chronicles of His Life
    Alexandria · c. 373 CE
    explains
  10. A Commentary on the Acts of the Apostles
    Constantinople (Istanbul) · c. 407 CE
    explains
  11. Letters of St. Augustin
    Hippo Regius · c. 430 CE
    applies
  12. Reply to Faustus the Manichæan
    Hippo Regius · c. 430 CE
    applies
  13. The Twelve Books on the Institutes of the Cœnobia, and the Remedies for the Eight Principal Faults
    Marseille · c. 435 CE
    applies
  14. The Ecclesiastical History of Socrates Scholasticus
    Constantinople (Istanbul) · c. 439 CE
    explains
  15. The Letters and Sermons of Leo the Great
    Rome · c. 461 CE
    explains
  16. The Canons of the Council in Trullo; Often Called The Quinisext Council
    Constantinople (Istanbul) · c. 692 CE
    applies
  17. Book Fourth. of the Holy Catholic Church
    Geneva · c. 1564 CE
    explains

Key passages(20)

Each passage is tagged by what it does with the idea: explains it, applies it in practice, redefines it with a new meaning, or challenges it. Relevance shows how directly the passage is about this idea.

Relevance: Very high

Chapter III.—The Principle of Fasting Traced Back to Its Earliest Source. Accordingly we are bound to affirm, before proceeding further, this (principle), which is in danger of being secretly subvert

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While fasting and sitting on a certain mountain, and giving thanks to the Lord for all His dealings with me, I see the Shepherd sitting down beside me, and saying, “Why have you come hither [so] early

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Dialogue with Trypho · Justin Martyr

Relevance: Very high

“Learn, therefore, to keep the true fast of God, as Isaiah says, that you may please God. Isaiah has cried thus: ‘Shout vehemently, and do not spare: lift up thy voice as with a trumpet, and show My p

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Matthew · Matthew the Apostle

Relevance: Very high

“Moreover when you fast, don’t be like the hypocrites, with sad faces. For they disfigure their faces, that they may be seen by men to be fasting. Most certainly I tell you, they have received their r

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Chapter II.—Arguments of the Psychics, Drawn from the Law, the Gospel, the Acts, the Epistles, and Heathenish Practices. For, so far as pertains to fasts, they oppose to us the definite days appointe

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On Fasting. · Tertullian: Part Fourth

Relevance: Very high

Chapter XVII.—Conclusion. “Old” you are, if we will say the truth, you who are so indulgent to appetite, and justly do you vaunt your “priority:” always do I recognise the savour of Esau, the hunter

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Relevance: Very high

Chapter VIII.—Examples of a Similar Kind from the New. We produce, too, our remaining (evidences). For we now hasten to modern proofs. On the threshold of the Gospel, By and by the Lord Himself cons

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Chapter IX.—From Fasts Absolute Tertullian Comes to Partial Ones and Xerophagies. This principal species in the category of dietary restriction may already afford a prejudgment concerning the inferio

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Relevance: Very high

Chapter VII.—Further Examples from the Old Testament in Favour of Fasting. And thus we have already proceeded to examples, in order that, by its profitable efficacy, we may unfold the powers of this

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Chapter XVI.—Instances from Scripture of Divine Judgments Upon the Self-Indulgent; And Appeals to the Practices of Heathens. For even if He does prefer “the works of righteousness,” still not without

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Relevance: Very high

Chapter X.—Of Stations, and of the Hours of Prayer. In like manner they censure on the count of novelty our Stations as being enjoined; some, moreover, (censure them) too as being prolonged habituall

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Relevance: Very high

Chapter XV.—Of the Apostle’s Language Concerning Food. The apostle reprobates likewise such as “bid to abstain from meats; but he does so from the foresight of the Holy Spirit, precondemning already

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Relevance: Very high

Chapter XIII.—Of the Inconsistencies of the Psychics. You lay down a prescription that this faith has its solemnities “appointed” by the Scriptures or the tradition of the ancestors; and that no furt

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Chapter XII—Of the Need for Some Protest Against the Psychics and Their Self-Indulgence. For, by this time, in this respect as well as others, “you are reigning in wealth and satiety”ταπεινοφρόνησις,

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Chapter VI.—The Physical Tendencies of Fasting and Feeding Considered. The Cases of Moses and Elijah. Now, if there has been temerity in our retracing to primordial experiences the reasons for God’s

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Book XXX. Faustus repels the insinuation that the prophecy of Paul with reference to those that should forbid to marry, abstain from meats, etc., applies to the Manichæans more than to the Catholic a

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The Canonical Epistle, with the Commentaries of Theodore Balsamon and John Zonaras. · Peter of Alexandria

Relevance: Very high

Canon XV. No one shall find fault with us for observing the fourth day of the week, and the preparation, Balsamon. Conformably to the sixty-fourth Apostolical canon, which decrees that we are not to

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The Canons of the Council in Trullo; Often Called The Quinisext Council · The Ecumenical Councils

Relevance: Very high

Canon LV. Since we understand that in the city of the Romans, in the holy fast of Lent they fast on the Saturdays, contrary to the ecclesiastical observance which is traditional, it seemed good to th

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The Canons of the Council in Trullo; Often Called The Quinisext Council · The Ecumenical Councils

Relevance: Very high

Canon LVI. We have likewise learned that in the regions of Armenia and in other places certain people eat eggs and cheese on the Sabbaths and Lord’s days of the holy lent. It seems good therefore tha

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The Canons of the Council in Trullo; Often Called The Quinisext Council · The Ecumenical Councils

Relevance: Very high

Canon XXIX. A canon of the Synod of Carthage says that the holy mysteries of the altar are not to be performed but by men who are fasting, except on one day in the year on which the Supper of the Lor

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