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christian-eschatologytraced through 33 key works

Intermediate State

What becomes of the soul between death and the resurrection of the body?

The intermediate state is the condition of the soul between bodily death and the final resurrection. Passages such as Luke 16, along with Tertullian and later scholastic discussion, reflect on it. Traditions differ on what it involves: some hold conscious bliss or torment, others speak of a kind of soul sleep, and others of a purification. Christians thus share the question while disagreeing about how the waiting is experienced.

How it traveled

  1. Luke
    Rome · c. 84 CE
    explains
  2. Revelation
    Patmos · c. 100 CE
    explains
  3. The Resurrection of the Dead
    Alexandria · c. 190 CE
    explains
  4. A Treatise on the Soul.
    — · c. 220 CE
    explains
  5. On the Resurrection of the Flesh.
    — · c. 220 CE
    explains
  6. Aphrahat: Select Demonstrations
    Mosul · c. 345 CE
    explains
  7. Ephraim Syrus: The Nisibene Hymns
    Edessa · c. 373 CE
    explains
  8. Life of Antony. (Vita Antoni.)
    Alexandria · c. 373 CE
    explains
  9. Select Orations of Saint Gregory Nazianzen
    Nazianzus · c. 390 CE
    explains
  10. On the Soul and the Resurrection
    Nyssa · c. 395 CE
    explains
  11. On the Decease of His Brother Satyrus
    Milan · c. 397 CE
    explains
  12. The Homilies of St. John Chrysostom
    Constantinople (Istanbul) · c. 407 CE
    explains
  13. The Homilies of St. John Chrysostom on Philippians, Colossians, and Thessalonians
    Constantinople (Istanbul) · c. 407 CE
    explains
  14. The Homilies of St. John Chrysostom on the Epistle to the Hebrews
    Constantinople (Istanbul) · c. 407 CE
    explains
  15. Homilies on First Corinthians
    Constantinople (Istanbul) · c. 407 CE
    explains
  16. Homilies on Second Corinthians
    Constantinople (Istanbul) · c. 407 CE
    explains
  17. The Letters of St. Jerome
    Bethlehem · c. 420 CE
    explains
  18. City of God
    Hippo Regius · c. 430 CE
    explains
  19. Expositions on the Book of Psalms
    Hippo Regius · c. 430 CE
    explains
  20. Letters of St. Augustin
    Hippo Regius · c. 430 CE
    explains
  21. A Treatise on the Soul and its Origin
    Hippo Regius · c. 430 CE
    explains
  22. The Enchiridion
    Hippo Regius · c. 430 CE
    explains
  23. Lectures or Tractates on the Gospel According to St. John
    Hippo Regius · c. 430 CE
    explains
  24. On Care to Be Had for the Dead
    Hippo Regius · c. 430 CE
    explains
  25. The Confessions
    Hippo Regius · c. 430 CE
    explains
  26. Sermons on Selected Lessons of the New Testament
    Hippo Regius · c. 430 CE
    explains
  27. Treatise on Man (qq[75]-102)
    Paris · c. 1274 CE
    explains
  28. Treatise on the Incarnation (qq[1]-59)
    Paris · c. 1274 CE
    explains
  29. Book Third. the Mode of Obtaining the Grace of Christ. the Benefits It Confers, and the Effects Resulting from It
    Geneva · c. 1564 CE
    explains
  30. Book Second. of the Knowledge of God the Redeemer, in Christ, as First Manifested to the Fathers, Under the Law, and Thereafter to Us Under the Gospel
    Geneva · c. 1564 CE
    explains
  31. Seventeen Occasional Sermons
    Northampton, Massachusetts · c. 1758 CE
    explains
  32. Heaven
    Northampton, Massachusetts · c. 1758 CE
    explains
  33. Five Sermons. On Different Occasions
    Northampton, Massachusetts · c. 1758 CE
    explains

Key passages(20)

Each passage is tagged by what it does with the idea: explains it, applies it in practice, redefines it with a new meaning, or challenges it. Relevance shows how directly the passage is about this idea.

Heaven · Jonathan Edwards

Relevance: Very high

[710.] Heaven Separate state Resurrection Dispensations. How the happiness of the resurrection state will exceed the present happiness in heaven. It looks to me probable, that the glory of the state o

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Relevance: Very high

2. Here the souls of wicked men shall suffer extreme and amazing misery in a separate state, until the resurrection. This misery is not indeed their full punishment; nor is the happiness of the saints

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Chapter 109.—The State of the Soul During the Interval Between Death and the Resurrection. During the time, moreover, which intervenes between a man’s death and the final resurrection, the soul dwell

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Chapter 8.—The Thirst of the Rich Man in Hell Does Not Prove the Soul to Be Corporeal. Now with regard to the point, which with perfect propriety and great soundness of view he believes, that souls a

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Chapter LVIII.—Conclusion. Points Postponed. All Souls are Kept in Hades Until the Resurrection, Anticipating Their Ultimate Misery or Bliss. All souls, therefore, are shut up within Hades: do you ad

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Against Heresies: Book II · Irenaeus of Lyons

Relevance: Very high

1. Let us return, however, to the remaining points of their system. For when they declaresouls but because they are righteous. But if souls would have 2. For it is manifest that those acts which are

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Relevance: Very high

15. And concerning all this that I have explained to thee, that those dead persons were raised with two words each, it was because for them two resurrections take place; that former one, and the secon

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Expositions on the Book of Psalms · Augustine of Hippo

Relevance: Very high

The Second Part. 1. “Like sheep laid in hell, death is their shepherd” (ver. 14). Whose? Of those whose way is a stumbling-block to themselves. Whose? Of those who mind only things present, while the

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Five Sermons. On Different Occasions · Jonathan Edwards

Relevance: Very high

Preached on the day of the funeral of the Rev. Mr. David Brainerd, Missionary to the Indians, from the Honorable Society in Scotland for the propagation of Christian Knowledge, and Pastor of a Church

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Heaven · Jonathan Edwards

Relevance: Very high

It is no privilege to be continued in this world, to have opportunity to see here the success of the gospel and glorious things accomplished in the church. If this had been any privilege, the man Chri

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Heaven · Jonathan Edwards

Relevance: Very high

Hence it follows, that the special affection which the saints have in this world to other saints, who are their friends, will in some respect remain in another world. I do not see why we should not su

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Heaven · Jonathan Edwards

Relevance: Very high

[546] Separate state Hell torments Heaven. It may possibly seem strange that the torments of the wicked should be so great, while they are only in prison, in order to their judgment and punishment. Bu

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Homilies on Second Corinthians · John Chrysostom

Relevance: Very high

That which is greater than all he has put last, for to be with Christ is better, than receiving an incorruptible [body.] But what he means is this: ‘He quencheth not our life that warreth against and

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Relevance: Very high

Letter CLVIII. (a.d. 414.) To My Lord Augustin, My Brother Partner in the Sacerdotal Office, Most Sincerely Loved, with Profound Respect, and to the Brethren Who are with Him, Evodiusand the Brethre

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On Care to Be Had for the Dead · Augustine of Hippo

Relevance: Very high

17. Some man may say: “If there be not in the dead any care for the living, how is it that the rich man, who was tormented in hell, asked father Abraham to send Lazarus to his five brothers not as yet

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Relevance: Very high

And who, she replied, could deny that truth is to be found only in that upon which the seal of Scriptural testimony is set? So, if it is necessary that something from the Gospels should be adduced in

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Relevance: Very high

Heirs, Cf. S. Basil Ep. 26 (32). Cæsarius left all his property to the poor. This passage shows that his own family welcomed and approved the bequest, which S. Gregory was at much pains to carry out,

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Relevance: Very high

1. The soul, when it is separated from the body, shall be cast down into hell. There is without doubt a particular judgment by which every man is to be tried at death, beside the general judgment: for

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Relevance: Very high

2. Death is not only no death to them, but it is a translation to a more glorious life, and is turned into a kind of resurrection from the dead. Death is a happy change to them, and a change that is b

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Relevance: Very high

3. They shall remain there in a state of exceeding glory and blessedness, till the resurrection. They shall remain there in the enjoyment of God, dwelling with Jesus Christ in a state of perfect rest,

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