Subordinationism
The rejected idea that the Son or Spirit rank beneath the Father in being
Subordinationism is the teaching that the Son and or the Holy Spirit are inferior in being to the Father. Various pre-Nicene tendencies leaned this way, and the position was set aside when the Council of Nicaea confessed the Son as homoousios, of one essence with the Father. The tradition distinguishes this rejected ontological inferiority from an orthodox ordering of relations, or taxis, among persons who remain fully equal.
How it traveled
- Dialogue with TryphoRome · c. 165 CEapplies
- Against Praxeas.— · c. 220 CEexplains
- The Church History of EusebiusCaesarea · c. 339 CEapplies
- Against the Arians. (Orationes contra Arianos IV.)Alexandria · c. 373 CEchallenges
- On the Councils of Ariminum and Seleucia. (De Synodis.)Alexandria · c. 373 CEexplains
- Defence of the Nicene Definition. (De Decretis.)Alexandria · c. 373 CEchallenges
- Letter of Eusebius. (Epistola Eusebii.)Alexandria · c. 373 CEchallenges
- De Spiritu SanctoCaesarea (Cappadocia) · c. 379 CEchallenges
- Select Orations of Saint Gregory NazianzenNazianzus · c. 390 CEchallenges
- Against EunomiusNyssa · c. 395 CEchallenges
- Answer to Eunomius' Second BookNyssa · c. 395 CEchallenges
- Exposition of the Christian FaithMilan · c. 397 CEchallenges
- On the Holy SpiritMilan · c. 397 CEchallenges
- The Letters of St. JeromeBethlehem · c. 420 CEchallenges
- Lectures or Tractates on the Gospel According to St. JohnHippo Regius · c. 430 CEchallenges
- On the Holy TrinityHippo Regius · c. 430 CEchallenges
- Sermons on Selected Lessons of the New TestamentHippo Regius · c. 430 CEchallenges
- The Ecclesiastical History of Socrates ScholasticusConstantinople (Istanbul) · c. 439 CEexplains
- The Ecclesiastical History of SozomenConstantinople (Istanbul) · c. 450 CEexplains
- The Ecclesiastical History, Dialogues, and Letters of TheodoretCyrrhus · c. 458 CEchallenges
- Book First. of the Knowledge of God the CreatorGeneva · c. 1564 CEchallenges
Key passages(20)
Each passage is tagged by what it does with the idea: explains it, applies it in practice, redefines it with a new meaning, or challenges it. Relevance shows how directly the passage is about this idea.
De Spiritu Sancto · Basil of Caesarea
Chapter VI. Issue joined with those who assert that the Son is not with the Father, but after the Father. Also concerning the equal glory. 13. Our opponents, while they thus artfully and perversely
Tap to expand
But at all events he will allow that this supremacy of being betokens no excess of power, or of goodness, or of anything of that kind. Every one knows that, not to mention those whose knowledge is sup
Tap to expand
I suspect that their author himself would find it difficult to tell us what he meant when he wrote those words. Their thought is obscured by the rhetorical mud, which is so thick that one can hardly s
Tap to expand
Again; only in the case of the creation is it true to speak of ‘priority.’ The sequence of works was there displayed in the order of the days; and the heavens may be said to have preceded by so much t
Tap to expand
Now the drift of Eunomius’ excessive concern about the Ungenerate has been often explained before; and it shall here be briefly discovered yet again. For as the term Father points to no difference of
Tap to expand
“Existing in the Beginning,” he says, “not without beginning.” In what fashion does he who plumes himself on his superior discernment understand the oracles of God? He declares Him Who was in the begi
Tap to expand
The beginning of his accusation was that we are ashamed of the Cross of Him Who for our sakes underwent the Passion. Surely he does not intend to charge against us also that we preach the doctrine of
Tap to expand
But his cogent proof of this absurdity he brings forward in the words, “as the essence which controls even Him attracts to itself the conception of the Existent.” Let us say nothing about the awkwardn
Tap to expand
Against the Arians. (Orationes contra Arianos IV.) · Athanasius of Alexandria
2 Cor. iii. 16, 17. S. Athanasius observes, Serap. i. 4–7, that the Holy Ghost is never in Scripture called simply ‘Spirit’ without the addition ‘of God’ or ‘of the Father’ or ‘from Me’ or of the arti
Tap to expand
Circular to Bishops of Egypt and Libya. (Ad Episcopos Ægypti Et Libyæ Epistola Encyclica.) · Athanasius of Alexandria
Chapter II. 12. Arian statements. Now the Bishop Alexander of blessed memory cast Arius out of the Church for holding and maintaining the following opinions: ‘God was not always a Father: The Son wa
Tap to expand
Exposition of the Christian Faith · Ambrose of Milan
219. We have been taught therefore that the Son of God is not ignorant of the future. If they confess this, I too—that I may now answer why He declared that neither angels, nor the Son, but only the F
Tap to expand
there is the Supreme and Absolute Being, and another Being existing through the First, but after It. The language of this exposition of Eunomius is Aristotelian: but the contents nevertheless are noth
Tap to expand
If, then, he denies that we can regard the Only-begotten as completely existing,—for to this depth his statement seems to lead,—in withholding from Him a proper existence, let him deny it even in a le
Tap to expand
But let us still scrutinize his words. He declares each of these Beings, whom he has shadowed forth in his exposition, to be single and absolutely one. We believe that the most boorish and simple-mind
Tap to expand
uncreate intelligible nature is far removed from such distinctions. This was the impregnable position that Athanasius had taken up. To admit that the Son is less than the Father, and the Spirit less t
Tap to expand
Book XII. §1. This twelfth book gives a notable interpretation of the words of the Lord to Mary, “Touch Me not, for I am not yet ascended to My Father.” But let us see what is the next addition that
Tap to expand
Against the Arians. (Orationes contra Arianos IV.) · Athanasius of Alexandria
The word ἀγγέν[ν]ητον was in the philosophical schools synonymous with ‘God;’ hence by asking whether there were two Unoriginates, the Arians implied that there were two Gods, if Christ was God in the
Tap to expand
Answer to Eunomius' Second Book · Gregory of Nyssa
But it is time to examine the argument that leads to this profanity, and see how, as regards itself, it is logically connected with his whole discourse. For after saying that it is absurd to compare G
Tap to expand
Book First. of the Knowledge of God the Creator · John Calvin
Nor does another cavil avail them, that Christ was God in his Father. For though we admit that, in respect of order and gradation, the beginning of divinity is in the Father, we hold it a detestable f
Tap to expand
De Spiritu Sancto · Basil of Caesarea
Chapter II. The origin of the heretics’ close observation of syllables. 4. The petty exactitude of these men about syllables and words is not, as might be supposed, simple and straightforward; nor i
Tap to expand