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Wellsprings
christian-councils-heresiestraced through 21 key works

Subordinationism

The rejected idea that the Son or Spirit rank beneath the Father in being

Subordinationism is the teaching that the Son and or the Holy Spirit are inferior in being to the Father. Various pre-Nicene tendencies leaned this way, and the position was set aside when the Council of Nicaea confessed the Son as homoousios, of one essence with the Father. The tradition distinguishes this rejected ontological inferiority from an orthodox ordering of relations, or taxis, among persons who remain fully equal.

How it traveled

  1. Dialogue with Trypho
    Rome · c. 165 CE
    applies
  2. Against Praxeas.
    — · c. 220 CE
    explains
  3. The Church History of Eusebius
    Caesarea · c. 339 CE
    applies
  4. Against the Arians. (Orationes contra Arianos IV.)
    Alexandria · c. 373 CE
    challenges
  5. On the Councils of Ariminum and Seleucia. (De Synodis.)
    Alexandria · c. 373 CE
    explains
  6. Defence of the Nicene Definition. (De Decretis.)
    Alexandria · c. 373 CE
    challenges
  7. Letter of Eusebius. (Epistola Eusebii.)
    Alexandria · c. 373 CE
    challenges
  8. De Spiritu Sancto
    Caesarea (Cappadocia) · c. 379 CE
    challenges
  9. Select Orations of Saint Gregory Nazianzen
    Nazianzus · c. 390 CE
    challenges
  10. Against Eunomius
    Nyssa · c. 395 CE
    challenges
  11. Answer to Eunomius' Second Book
    Nyssa · c. 395 CE
    challenges
  12. Exposition of the Christian Faith
    Milan · c. 397 CE
    challenges
  13. On the Holy Spirit
    Milan · c. 397 CE
    challenges
  14. The Letters of St. Jerome
    Bethlehem · c. 420 CE
    challenges
  15. Lectures or Tractates on the Gospel According to St. John
    Hippo Regius · c. 430 CE
    challenges
  16. On the Holy Trinity
    Hippo Regius · c. 430 CE
    challenges
  17. Sermons on Selected Lessons of the New Testament
    Hippo Regius · c. 430 CE
    challenges
  18. The Ecclesiastical History of Socrates Scholasticus
    Constantinople (Istanbul) · c. 439 CE
    explains
  19. The Ecclesiastical History of Sozomen
    Constantinople (Istanbul) · c. 450 CE
    explains
  20. The Ecclesiastical History, Dialogues, and Letters of Theodoret
    Cyrrhus · c. 458 CE
    challenges
  21. Book First. of the Knowledge of God the Creator
    Geneva · c. 1564 CE
    challenges

Key passages(20)

Each passage is tagged by what it does with the idea: explains it, applies it in practice, redefines it with a new meaning, or challenges it. Relevance shows how directly the passage is about this idea.

Chapter VI. Issue joined with those who assert that the Son is not with the Father, but after the Father. Also concerning the equal glory. 13. Our opponents, while they thus artfully and perversely

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Against Eunomius · Gregory of Nyssa

Relevance: Very high

But at all events he will allow that this supremacy of being betokens no excess of power, or of goodness, or of anything of that kind. Every one knows that, not to mention those whose knowledge is sup

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Against Eunomius · Gregory of Nyssa

Relevance: Very high

I suspect that their author himself would find it difficult to tell us what he meant when he wrote those words. Their thought is obscured by the rhetorical mud, which is so thick that one can hardly s

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Against Eunomius · Gregory of Nyssa

Relevance: Very high

Again; only in the case of the creation is it true to speak of ‘priority.’ The sequence of works was there displayed in the order of the days; and the heavens may be said to have preceded by so much t

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Against Eunomius · Gregory of Nyssa

Relevance: Very high

Now the drift of Eunomius’ excessive concern about the Ungenerate has been often explained before; and it shall here be briefly discovered yet again. For as the term Father points to no difference of

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Against Eunomius · Gregory of Nyssa

Relevance: Very high

“Existing in the Beginning,” he says, “not without beginning.” In what fashion does he who plumes himself on his superior discernment understand the oracles of God? He declares Him Who was in the begi

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Against Eunomius · Gregory of Nyssa

Relevance: Very high

The beginning of his accusation was that we are ashamed of the Cross of Him Who for our sakes underwent the Passion. Surely he does not intend to charge against us also that we preach the doctrine of

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Against Eunomius · Gregory of Nyssa

Relevance: Very high

But his cogent proof of this absurdity he brings forward in the words, “as the essence which controls even Him attracts to itself the conception of the Existent.” Let us say nothing about the awkwardn

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Relevance: Very high

2 Cor. iii. 16, 17. S. Athanasius observes, Serap. i. 4–7, that the Holy Ghost is never in Scripture called simply ‘Spirit’ without the addition ‘of God’ or ‘of the Father’ or ‘from Me’ or of the arti

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Circular to Bishops of Egypt and Libya. (Ad Episcopos Ægypti Et Libyæ Epistola Encyclica.) · Athanasius of Alexandria

Relevance: Very high

Chapter II. 12. Arian statements. Now the Bishop Alexander of blessed memory cast Arius out of the Church for holding and maintaining the following opinions: ‘God was not always a Father: The Son wa

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Exposition of the Christian Faith · Ambrose of Milan

Relevance: Very high

219. We have been taught therefore that the Son of God is not ignorant of the future. If they confess this, I too—that I may now answer why He declared that neither angels, nor the Son, but only the F

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Against Eunomius · Gregory of Nyssa

Relevance: Very high

there is the Supreme and Absolute Being, and another Being existing through the First, but after It. The language of this exposition of Eunomius is Aristotelian: but the contents nevertheless are noth

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Against Eunomius · Gregory of Nyssa

Relevance: Very high

If, then, he denies that we can regard the Only-begotten as completely existing,—for to this depth his statement seems to lead,—in withholding from Him a proper existence, let him deny it even in a le

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Against Eunomius · Gregory of Nyssa

Relevance: Very high

But let us still scrutinize his words. He declares each of these Beings, whom he has shadowed forth in his exposition, to be single and absolutely one. We believe that the most boorish and simple-mind

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Against Eunomius · Gregory of Nyssa

Relevance: Very high

uncreate intelligible nature is far removed from such distinctions. This was the impregnable position that Athanasius had taken up. To admit that the Son is less than the Father, and the Spirit less t

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Against Eunomius · Gregory of Nyssa

Relevance: Very high

Book XII. §1. This twelfth book gives a notable interpretation of the words of the Lord to Mary, “Touch Me not, for I am not yet ascended to My Father.” But let us see what is the next addition that

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Relevance: Very high

The word ἀγγέν[ν]ητον was in the philosophical schools synonymous with ‘God;’ hence by asking whether there were two Unoriginates, the Arians implied that there were two Gods, if Christ was God in the

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Relevance: Very high

But it is time to examine the argument that leads to this profanity, and see how, as regards itself, it is logically connected with his whole discourse. For after saying that it is absurd to compare G

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Nor does another cavil avail them, that Christ was God in his Father. For though we admit that, in respect of order and gradation, the beginning of divinity is in the Father, we hold it a detestable f

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Relevance: Very high

Chapter II. The origin of the heretics’ close observation of syllables. 4. The petty exactitude of these men about syllables and words is not, as might be supposed, simple and straightforward; nor i

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