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christian-christologyfeatured in 29 works

Theotokos (God-bearer)

To call Mary Mother of God is really a confession about who her Son is

Theotokos, 'God-bearer,' affirms that Mary may rightly be called Mother of God because the one she bore is a single divine person, the eternal Son. Defined at the Council of Ephesus through Cyril of Alexandria against Nestorius, the title is embraced by Catholic and Orthodox traditions. It is sometimes downplayed in Protestant practice, though it follows logically from the Chalcedonian confession of Christ's one person.

How it traveled

  1. Luke
    Rome · 84
    explains
  2. Against Heresies: Book III
    Lyons · 202
    explains
  3. The Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew.
    · 220
    explains
  4. On the Flesh of Christ.
    · 220
    explains
  5. The Gospel of the Nativity of Mary.
    · 220
    explains
  6. Ephraim Syrus: Nineteen Hymns on the Nativity of Christ in the Flesh
    Edessa · 373
    explains
  7. Against the Arians. (Orationes contra Arianos IV.)
    Alexandria · 373
    explains
  8. The Catechetical Lectures of S. Cyril
    Jerusalem · 386
    explains
  9. Select Orations of Saint Gregory Nazianzen
    Nazianzus · 390
    explains
  10. Concerning Virgins
    Milan · 397
    explains
  11. The Homilies of St. John Chrysostom
    Constantinople (Istanbul) · 407
    explains
  12. A Commentary on the Apostles' Creed
    Aquileia · 411
    explains
  13. The Perpetual Virginity of Blessed Mary
    Bethlehem · 420
    explains
  14. Jerome and Gennadius. Lives of Illustrious Men
    Bethlehem · 420
    explains
  15. Expositions on the Book of Psalms
    Hippo Regius · 430
    explains
  16. Lectures or Tractates on the Gospel According to St. John
    Hippo Regius · 430
    explains
  17. Sermons on Selected Lessons of the New Testament
    Hippo Regius · 430
    explains
  18. Reply to Faustus the Manichæan
    Hippo Regius · 430
    explains
  19. Of Holy Virginity
    Hippo Regius · 430
    explains
  20. The Third Ecumenical Council: The Council of Ephesus
    Ephesus · 431
    explains
  21. The Seven Books of John Cassian on the Incarnation of the Lord, Against Nestorius
    Marseille · 435
    explains
  22. The Ecclesiastical History of Socrates Scholasticus
    Constantinople (Istanbul) · 439
    explains
  23. The Commonitory of Vincent of Lérins, For the Antiquity and Universality of the Catholic Faith Against the Profane Novelties of All Heresies
    Lérins · 445
    explains
  24. The Fourth Ecumenical Council. The Council of Chalcedon
    Chalcedon · 451
    explains
  25. The Ecclesiastical History, Dialogues, and Letters of Theodoret
    Cyrrhus · 458
    explains
  26. The Letters and Sermons of Leo the Great
    Rome · 461
    explains
  27. The Fifth Ecumenical Council. The Second Council of Constantinople
    Constantinople (Istanbul) · 553
    explains
  28. John of Damascus: Exposition of the Orthodox Faith
    Damascus · 749
    explains
  29. Treatise on the Incarnation (qq[1]-59)
    Paris · 1274
    explains

Key passages(20)

The Fifth Ecumenical Council. The Second Council of Constantinople · The Ecumenical Councils

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The Capitula of the Council. (Labbe and Cossart, Concilia, Tom. V., col. 568.) I. If anyone shall not confess that the nature or essence of the Father, of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost is one, as

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The XII. Anathematisms of St. Cyril Against Nestorius. (Found in St. Cyril’s Opera. Migne, Pat. Græc, Tom. LXXVII., Col. 119; and the Concilia.) I. If anyone will not confess that the Emmanuel is v

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Oration Concerning Simeon and Anna On the Day that They Met in the Temple. · Methodius

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Oration Concerning Simeon and Anna On the Day that They Met in the Temple. ———————————— I. Although I have before, as briefly as possible, in my dialogue on chastity, sufficiently laid the foundati

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“The natures which have been brought together in the true unity are distinct, and of both there is one God and Son, but the difference of the natures has not been removed in consequence of the union.”

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The Ecclesiastical History, Dialogues, and Letters of Theodoret · Theodoret of Cyrus

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The Anathemas of Cyril in Opposition to Nestorius. ———————————— (Mansi T. IV. p. 1067–1082, Migne Cat. 76, col. 391. The anathemas of Nestorius against Cyril are to be found in Hardouin i. 1297.) I

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The Fourth Ecumenical Council. The Council of Chalcedon · The Ecumenical Councils

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O fools, and only knowing how to misrepresent, how have ye been led to such a judgment, how have ye fallen into so foolish a sickness? For it is necessary, it is undoubtedly necessary, to understand t

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The Seven Books of John Cassian on the Incarnation of the Lord, Against Nestorius · John Cassian

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How the errors of later heretics have been condemned and refuted in the persons of their authors and originators. As we began by setting down in the first book some things by which we showed that our

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Objection 2: Further, Christ is called God in respect of His Divine Nature. But the Divine Nature did not first originate from the Virgin. Therefore the Blessed Virgin should not be called the Mother

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Concerning Virgins · Ambrose of Milan

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In this book St. Ambrose purposes to treat of the training of virgins, using examples rather than precepts, and explains why he does so in writing rather than by word of mouth. 1. In the former book

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Concerning Virgins · Ambrose of Milan

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10. Such has the Evangelist shown her, such did the angel find her, such did the Holy Spirit choose her. Why delay about details? How her parents loved her, strangers praised her, how worthy she was t

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To Cledonius the Priest Against Apollinarius. (Ep. CI.) To our most reverend and God-beloved brother and fellow-priest Cledonius, Gregory, greeting in the Lord. I desire to learn what is this fashio

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Appendix to the Works of Hippolytus. Containing Dubious and Spurious Pieces. · Hippolytus

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Elucidations. ———————————— I. (The God-bearing Mary, p. 242.) “This name” (θεοτόκος), says Pearson, “was first in use in the Greek Church, which, delighting in the happy compositions of that langu

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The ever-virgin One thus remains even after the birth still virgin, having never at any time up till death consorted with a man. For although it is written, And knew her not till she had brought forth

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Lectures or Tractates on the Gospel According to St. John · Augustine of Hippo

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6. What, then, is this, saith one, which the Lord saith, “Woman, what have I to do with thee?” Perhaps the Lord shows us in the sequel why He said this: “Mine hour,” saith He, “is not yet come.” For t

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The Book of John Concerning the Falling Asleep of Mary. · Apocrypha of the New Testament

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The Book of John Concerning the Falling Asleep of Mary. ———————————— The Account of St. John the Theologian As the all-holy glorious mother of God and ever-virgin Mary, as was her wont, was going t

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ἡ θεοτόκος— Deipara. Gibbon (Chap. xlvii. 34) says, “It is not easy to fix the invention of this word, which La Croze (Christianisme des Indes, tom. i. p. 16) ascribes to Eusebius of Cæsarea and the A

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Chapter XXXII.—Of the Presbyter Anastasius, by whom the Faith of Nestorius was perverted. Nestorius had an associate whom he had brought from Antioch, a presbyter named Anastasius; for this man he ha

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The Passing of Mary:  Second Latin Form. · Apocrypha of the New Testament

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Second Latin Form. Here Beginneth the Passing of the Blessed Virgin Mary. 1.Therefore, when the Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ was hanging on the tree fastened by the nails of the cross for the life

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The Epistle of Cyril to Nestorius with the XII. Anathematisms. (Labbe and Cossart, Concilia, Tom. III., col. 395; Migne, Patr. Græc., Tom. LXXVII. [Cyril, Opera, Tom. X.], col. 105 et seqq.) To the

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We now have to consider the virginity of the Mother of God; concerning which there are four points of inquiry: (1) Whether she was a virgin in conceiving? (2) Whether she was a virgin in His Birth?

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