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greek-politicsfeatured in 40 works

The Rule of Law

A city is better governed by impartial law than by the unchecked will of any ruler, however wise.

The rule of law holds that law, not the arbitrary discretion of individuals, should be sovereign. Plato moved toward this idea in the Laws, but it was Aristotle (4th c. BCE) who made the classic case in the Politics, arguing that 'law is reason free from passion' and so a safer ruler than any single person. Carried forward by Roman jurisprudence and by Cicero's vision of law standing above the magistrate, it became one of the deepest foundations of Western constitutional thought.

How it traveled

  1. History of the Peloponnesian War
    Athens · -400
    explains
  2. Hellenica
    Athens · -354
    explains
  3. Against Aristocrates
    Athens · -353
    explains
  4. Laws
    Athens · -348
    explains
  5. Against Timarchus
    Athens · -346
    explains
  6. Against Ctesiphon
    Athens · -330
    explains
  7. Against Timocrates
    Athens · -322
    explains
  8. Politics
    Chalcis · -322
    explains
  9. Against Meidias
    Athens · -322
    explains
  10. Against Leptines
    Athens · -322
    explains
  11. Theomnestus and Apollodorus Against Neaera
    Athens · -322
    explains
  12. Histories
    Megalopolis · -118
    explains
  13. Pro P. Quinctio
    Formiae · -81
    explains
  14. Pro S. Roscio Amerino
    Formiae · -80
    explains
  15. In C. Verrem
    Formiae · -70
    explains
  16. Pro A. Caecina
    Formiae · -69
    explains
  17. Pro A. Cluentio
    Formiae · -66
    explains
  18. De Lege Agraria
    Formiae · -63
    explains
  19. In Catilinam
    Formiae · -63
    explains
  20. Gallic War
    Rome · -51
    explains
  21. Philippicae
    Formiae · -44
    explains
  22. Civil War
    Rome · -44
    applies
  23. Ab urbe condita
    Padua · -27
    explains
  24. Geography
    Amaseia · 24
    explains
  25. Cato the Younger
    Chaeronea · 120
    explains
  26. Divus Augustus
    Rome · 122
    explains
  27. Civil Wars
    Alexandria · 165
    explains
  28. Noctes Atticae
    Rome · 180
    explains
  29. Res Gestae
    Rome · 400
    explains
  30. Yalkut Shimoni on Nach
    Tiberias · 1250
  31. Abarbanel on Torah
    Naples · 1505
  32. Reshit Chokhmah
    Tzfat · 1575
  33. Historia Romana
    Rome
    explains
  34. Jewish Antiquities
    explains
  35. Historical Library
    Syracuse (Sicily)
    explains
  36. The Jewish War
    explains
  37. De Bellis
    Constantinople (Istanbul)
    explains
  38. Antiquitates Romanae
    Rome
    explains
  39. De Specialibus Legibus (lib. i‑iv)
    explains
  40. Historia Arcana
    Constantinople (Istanbul)
    applies

Key passages(20)

Nicomachean Ethics · Aristotle

Very high

This is why we do not permit a man to rule, but the law, because a man rules in his own interest, and becomes a tyrant; but the function of a ruler is to be the guardian of justice, and if of justice,

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Politics · Aristotle

Very high

and one whether it is expedient or inexpedient for one man to be sovereign over everything. Now the study of a militarycommand of the kind mentioned has more the aspect of a legal than of a constituti

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Very high

Yet certainly physicians themselves call in other physicians to treat them when they are ill, and gymnastic trainers put themselves under other trainers when they are doing exercises, believing that t

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Very high

Although I should grant to you that it would be a scandalous thing, (and the fact I will examine into presently,) still you must inevitably grant to me that it is a much more scandalous thing that the

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Against Aristogeiton I · Pseudo-Demosthenes

Very high

I shall say nothing novel or extravagant or peculiar, but only what you all know to be true as well as I do. For if any of you cares to inquire what is the motive-power that calls together the Council

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Against Timocrates · Demosthenes

Very high

That you are empowered to pass sentence of imprisonment I prove by this argument; and I take it that everybody will agree that to invalidate judicial decisions is monstrous, impious, and subversive of

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Funeral Oration · Hyperides

Very high

If men are to be happy, the voice of law, and not a ruler’s threats, must reign supreme; if they are free, no groundless charge, but only proof of guilt, must cause them apprehension; nor must the saf

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Very high

I will give you powerful proofs of this not mere words, but what you honor more,—actions. And listen to what happened to me, that you may be convinced that I would never yield to any one, if that was

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Ad principem ineruditum · Plutarch

Very high

Who, then, shall rule the ruler? The Law, the king of all, Both mortals and immortals, as Pindar says - not law written outside him in books or on wooden tablets or the like, but reason endowed with l

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Against Alcibiades · Pseudo-Andocides

Very high

Obedience to the magistrates and the laws is to my mind the one safeguard of society; and anyone who sets them at nought is destroying at one blow the surest guarantee of security which the state poss

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Civil Wars · Appian of Alexandria

Very high

We raised Caesar to his high place, serving him in war in conjunction with you and holding commands under him. We continued his friends so long that no one could imagine that we conspired against him

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Nicomachean Ethics · Aristotle

Very high

Now paternal authority has not the power to compel obedience, nor indeed, speaking generally, has the authority of any individual unless he be a king or the like; but law on the other hand is a rule,

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Very high

But the difficulty first mentioned proves nothing else so clearly as that it is proper for the laws when rightly laid down to be sovereign, while the ruler or rulers in office should have supreme powe

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Very high

Our discussion has now reached the case of the king who acts in all matters according to his own will, and we must examine this type of royalty. For the so-called constitutional monarchy, as we said,

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Very high

And another kind of democracy is for all the citizens that are not open to challenge to have a share in office, but for the law to rule; and another kind of democracy is for all to share in the office

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Res Publica Atheniensium · Aristotle

Very high

Fragmenta Moralia · Chrysippus

Very high

Fragmenta Moralia · Chrysippus

Very high