July 3

Alexander Henry Rhind, the Scottish antiquarian whose name the great ancient Egyptian mathematical papyrus now bears, died at Cadenabbia at twenty-nine.

Franz Kafka, whose spare, unsettling German-language fiction became a landmark of twentieth-century literature, was born into a Jewish family in Prague.

Theodor Herzl, the Viennese journalist who articulated modern political Zionism and convened its first congress, died at Edlach in Lower Austria at age 44.