July 11

Ali Mustafa Mosharafa, an Egyptian theoretical physicist who worked on relativity and quantum theory and corresponded with Einstein, was born in Damietta.

Muhammad Abduh, Egyptian jurist, Grand Mufti and a leading figure of Islamic modernism, died near Alexandria.

Adin Even-Israel Steinsaltz, whose running Hebrew commentary opened the Babylonian Talmud to a wide readership, was born in Jerusalem.

Erik Hornung, whose editions of the netherworld 'Book of Amduat' and study of Egyptian conceptions of the divine shaped modern scholarship, died at eighty-nine.