Christ as the Second Adam
Where the first man fell, a new Man stands — obedience reversing the ancient disobedience
Christ as the Second Adam is the teaching that Jesus is the new head of humanity whose obedience and life undo the disobedience and death brought by the first Adam. Paul develops the parallel in Romans 5 and 1 Corinthians 15, and Irenaeus expanded it into his theme of "recapitulation," in which Christ retraces and heals the whole human story. The contrast holds that what was lost in Adam is restored and surpassed in Christ.
How it traveled
- RomansCorinth · c. 67 CEexplains
- 1 CorinthiansEphesus · c. 67 CEexplains
- ActsRome · c. 84 CEexplains
- RevelationPatmos · c. 100 CEexplains
- Dialogue with TryphoRome · c. 165 CEexplains
- Against Heresies: Book VLyons · c. 202 CEexplains
- Against Heresies: Book IIILyons · c. 202 CEexplains
- Against Heresies: Book IVLyons · c. 202 CEexplains
- Aphrahat: Select DemonstrationsMosul · c. 345 CEexplains
- Ephraim Syrus: The Nisibene HymnsEdessa · c. 373 CEexplains
- Ephraim Syrus: Nineteen Hymns on the Nativity of Christ in the FleshEdessa · c. 373 CEexplains
- Ephraim Syrus: Fifteen Hymns For the Feast of the EpiphanyEdessa · c. 373 CEexplains
- Ephraim Syrus: Three HomiliesEdessa · c. 373 CEexplains
- The Catechetical Lectures of S. CyrilJerusalem · c. 386 CEexplains
- Select Orations of Saint Gregory NazianzenNazianzus · c. 390 CEexplains
- Against EunomiusNyssa · c. 395 CEexplains
- The Homilies of St. John ChrysostomConstantinople (Istanbul) · c. 407 CEexplains
- The Homilies of St. John Chrysostom on the Epistle to the HebrewsConstantinople (Istanbul) · c. 407 CEexplains
- A Commentary on the Acts of the ApostlesConstantinople (Istanbul) · c. 407 CEexplains
- Homilies on First CorinthiansConstantinople (Istanbul) · c. 407 CEexplains
- The Homilies of St. John Chrysostom on Paul's Epistle to the RomansConstantinople (Istanbul) · c. 407 CEexplains
- The Homilies of St. John Chrysostom on the Gospel of St. JohnConstantinople (Istanbul) · c. 407 CEexplains
- The Homilies of St. John Chrysostom on Philippians, Colossians, and ThessaloniansConstantinople (Istanbul) · c. 407 CEexplains
- The Commentary and Homilies of St. John Chrysostom on Galatians and EphesiansConstantinople (Istanbul) · c. 407 CEexplains
- Expositions on the Book of PsalmsHippo Regius · c. 430 CEexplains
- Lectures or Tractates on the Gospel According to St. JohnHippo Regius · c. 430 CEexplains
- City of GodHippo Regius · c. 430 CEexplains
- A Treatise on the Merits and Forgiveness of Sins, and on the Baptism of InfantsHippo Regius · c. 430 CEexplains
- Sermons on Selected Lessons of the New TestamentHippo Regius · c. 430 CEexplains
- Reply to Faustus the ManichæanHippo Regius · c. 430 CEexplains
- Letters of St. AugustinHippo Regius · c. 430 CEexplains
- The Harmony of the GospelsHippo Regius · c. 430 CEexplains
- The Ecclesiastical History, Dialogues, and Letters of TheodoretCyrrhus · c. 458 CEexplains
- The Letters and Sermons of Leo the GreatRome · c. 461 CEexplains
- Treatise on the Incarnation (qq[1]-59)Paris · c. 1274 CEexplains
- Book Second. of the Knowledge of God the Redeemer, in Christ, as First Manifested to the Fathers, Under the Law, and Thereafter to Us Under the GospelGeneva · c. 1564 CEexplains
- A History of the Work of RedemptionNorthampton, Massachusetts · c. 1758 CEexplains
- The great christian doctrine of original sin defendedNorthampton, Massachusetts · c. 1758 CEexplains
- XIV Five discourses on the soul's eternal salvationNorthampton, Massachusetts · c. 1758 CEexplains
- Seventeen Occasional SermonsNorthampton, Massachusetts · c. 1758 CEexplains
Key passages(20)
Each passage is tagged by what it does with the idea: explains it, applies it in practice, redefines it with a new meaning, or challenges it. Relevance shows how directly the passage is about this idea.
Against Heresies: Book V · Irenaeus of Lyons
1. He has therefore, in His work of recapitulation, summed up all things, both waging war against our enemy, and crushing him who had at the beginning led us away captives in Adam, and trampled upon h
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So also it is written, “The first man, Adam, became a living soul.” The last Adam became a life-giving spirit.
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Homilies on First Corinthians · John Chrysostom
Homily XLII. 1 Cor. xv. 47 The first man is of the earth, earthy: the second man is the Lord from heaven. Having said that “the natural was first,” and “the spiritual afterward,” he again states an
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Lectures or Tractates on the Gospel According to St. John · Augustine of Hippo
11. But perhaps this is demanded of us, whether the fact that the temple was forty and six years in building may not have in it some mystery. There are, indeed, many things that may be said of this ma
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XIV Five discourses on the soul's eternal salvation · Jonathan Edwards
So on the same account we have not eternal life merely as void of guilt, which we have by the atonement of Christ; but on the account of Christ’s activeness in obedience, and doing well. Christ is our
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A Treatise on the Spirit and the Letter · Augustine of Hippo
Chapter 9 [VI].—Through the Law Sin Has Abounded. The apostle, then, wishing to commend the grace which has come to all nations through Jesus Christ, lest the Jews should extol themselves at the expe
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Ephraim Syrus: Nineteen Hymns on the Nativity of Christ in the Flesh · Ephrem the Syrian
Hymn V. At the birth of the Son, there was a great shouting in Bethlehem; for the Angels came down, and gave praise there. Their voices were a great thunder: at that voice of praise the silent ones c
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The great christian doctrine of original sin defended · Jonathan Edwards
But to return, it is plain, that death by Adam, and life and happiness by Christ, are here set in opposition: the latter being spoken of as good, the other as evil; one as the effect of righteousness,
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A Treatise on the Grace of Christ, and on Original Sin · Augustine of Hippo
Chapter 34 [XXIX.]—No Man Ever Saved Save by Christ. Now, whoever maintains that human nature at any period required not the second Adam for its physician, because it was not corrupted in the first A
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Against Heresies: Book III · Irenaeus of Lyons
1. Those, therefore, who allege that He took nothing from the Virgin do greatly err, [since,] in order that they may cast away the inheritance of the flesh, they also reject the analogy [between Him a
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Book First. of the Knowledge of God the Creator · John Calvin
4. But our definition of the image seems not to be complete until it appears more clearly what the faculties are in which man excels, and in which he is to be regarded as a mirror of the divine glory.
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Lectures or Tractates on the Gospel According to St. John · Augustine of Hippo
7. “John beareth witness of Him, and crieth, saying, This was He of whom I spake, He that cometh after me is made before me.” He came after me, and He preceded me. What is it, “He is made before me”?
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The Homilies of St. John Chrysostom on Paul's Epistle to the Romans · John Chrysostom
And what is this that he is speaking of? It is that sin had power to bring in death and condemnation; but grace did not do away that one sin only, but also those that followed after in its train. Lest
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The great christian doctrine of original sin defended · Jonathan Edwards
This abounding of grace our author explains thus; “a rich overplus of grace, in erecting a new dispensation, furnished with a glorious fund of light, means, and motives,” (p. 44.) But will any pretend
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The great christian doctrine of original sin defended · Jonathan Edwards
2. There is no evidence, that the benefit by the second Adam, spoken of in Rom. v. is the very same (containing neither more nor less) as the resurrection spoken of in 1 Cor. xv. It is no evidence of
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XIV Five discourses on the soul's eternal salvation · Jonathan Edwards
So on the same account we have not eternal life merely as void of guilt, which we have by the atonement of Christ; but on the account of Christ’s activeness in obedience, and doing well. Christ is our
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The first man is of the earth, made of dust. The second man is the Lord from heaven.
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Against Heresies: Book III · Irenaeus of Lyons
1. It was necessary, therefore, that the Lord, coming to the lost sheep, and making recapitulation of so comprehensive a dispensation, and seeking after His own handiwork, should save that very man wh
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Against Heresies: Book V · Irenaeus of Lyons
1. That the Lord then was manifestly coming to His own things, and was sustaining them by means of that creation which is supported by Himself, and was making a recapitulation of that disobedience whi
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Against Heresies: Book V · Irenaeus of Lyons
1. He had indeed been already accustomed to lie against God, for the purpose of leading men astray. For at the beginning, when God had given to man a variety of things for food, while He commanded him
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