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christian-christologytraced through 40 key works

Christ as the Second Adam

Where the first man fell, a new Man stands — obedience reversing the ancient disobedience

Christ as the Second Adam is the teaching that Jesus is the new head of humanity whose obedience and life undo the disobedience and death brought by the first Adam. Paul develops the parallel in Romans 5 and 1 Corinthians 15, and Irenaeus expanded it into his theme of "recapitulation," in which Christ retraces and heals the whole human story. The contrast holds that what was lost in Adam is restored and surpassed in Christ.

How it traveled

  1. Romans
    Corinth · c. 67 CE
    explains
  2. 1 Corinthians
    Ephesus · c. 67 CE
    explains
  3. Acts
    Rome · c. 84 CE
    explains
  4. Revelation
    Patmos · c. 100 CE
    explains
  5. Dialogue with Trypho
    Rome · c. 165 CE
    explains
  6. Against Heresies: Book V
    Lyons · c. 202 CE
    explains
  7. Against Heresies: Book III
    Lyons · c. 202 CE
    explains
  8. Against Heresies: Book IV
    Lyons · c. 202 CE
    explains
  9. Aphrahat: Select Demonstrations
    Mosul · c. 345 CE
    explains
  10. Ephraim Syrus: The Nisibene Hymns
    Edessa · c. 373 CE
    explains
  11. Ephraim Syrus: Nineteen Hymns on the Nativity of Christ in the Flesh
    Edessa · c. 373 CE
    explains
  12. Ephraim Syrus: Fifteen Hymns For the Feast of the Epiphany
    Edessa · c. 373 CE
    explains
  13. Ephraim Syrus: Three Homilies
    Edessa · c. 373 CE
    explains
  14. The Catechetical Lectures of S. Cyril
    Jerusalem · c. 386 CE
    explains
  15. Select Orations of Saint Gregory Nazianzen
    Nazianzus · c. 390 CE
    explains
  16. Against Eunomius
    Nyssa · c. 395 CE
    explains
  17. The Homilies of St. John Chrysostom
    Constantinople (Istanbul) · c. 407 CE
    explains
  18. The Homilies of St. John Chrysostom on the Epistle to the Hebrews
    Constantinople (Istanbul) · c. 407 CE
    explains
  19. A Commentary on the Acts of the Apostles
    Constantinople (Istanbul) · c. 407 CE
    explains
  20. Homilies on First Corinthians
    Constantinople (Istanbul) · c. 407 CE
    explains
  21. The Homilies of St. John Chrysostom on Paul's Epistle to the Romans
    Constantinople (Istanbul) · c. 407 CE
    explains
  22. The Homilies of St. John Chrysostom on the Gospel of St. John
    Constantinople (Istanbul) · c. 407 CE
    explains
  23. The Homilies of St. John Chrysostom on Philippians, Colossians, and Thessalonians
    Constantinople (Istanbul) · c. 407 CE
    explains
  24. The Commentary and Homilies of St. John Chrysostom on Galatians and Ephesians
    Constantinople (Istanbul) · c. 407 CE
    explains
  25. Expositions on the Book of Psalms
    Hippo Regius · c. 430 CE
    explains
  26. Lectures or Tractates on the Gospel According to St. John
    Hippo Regius · c. 430 CE
    explains
  27. City of God
    Hippo Regius · c. 430 CE
    explains
  28. A Treatise on the Merits and Forgiveness of Sins, and on the Baptism of Infants
    Hippo Regius · c. 430 CE
    explains
  29. Sermons on Selected Lessons of the New Testament
    Hippo Regius · c. 430 CE
    explains
  30. Reply to Faustus the Manichæan
    Hippo Regius · c. 430 CE
    explains
  31. Letters of St. Augustin
    Hippo Regius · c. 430 CE
    explains
  32. The Harmony of the Gospels
    Hippo Regius · c. 430 CE
    explains
  33. The Ecclesiastical History, Dialogues, and Letters of Theodoret
    Cyrrhus · c. 458 CE
    explains
  34. The Letters and Sermons of Leo the Great
    Rome · c. 461 CE
    explains
  35. Treatise on the Incarnation (qq[1]-59)
    Paris · c. 1274 CE
    explains
  36. Book Second. of the Knowledge of God the Redeemer, in Christ, as First Manifested to the Fathers, Under the Law, and Thereafter to Us Under the Gospel
    Geneva · c. 1564 CE
    explains
  37. A History of the Work of Redemption
    Northampton, Massachusetts · c. 1758 CE
    explains
  38. The great christian doctrine of original sin defended
    Northampton, Massachusetts · c. 1758 CE
    explains
  39. XIV Five discourses on the soul's eternal salvation
    Northampton, Massachusetts · c. 1758 CE
    explains
  40. Seventeen Occasional Sermons
    Northampton, Massachusetts · c. 1758 CE
    explains

Key passages(20)

Each passage is tagged by what it does with the idea: explains it, applies it in practice, redefines it with a new meaning, or challenges it. Relevance shows how directly the passage is about this idea.

Against Heresies: Book V · Irenaeus of Lyons

Relevance: Very high

1. He has therefore, in His work of recapitulation, summed up all things, both waging war against our enemy, and crushing him who had at the beginning led us away captives in Adam, and trampled upon h

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1 Corinthians · Paul the Apostle

Relevance: Very high

So also it is written, “The first man, Adam, became a living soul.” The last Adam became a life-giving spirit.

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Homilies on First Corinthians · John Chrysostom

Relevance: Very high

Homily XLII. 1 Cor. xv. 47 The first man is of the earth, earthy: the second man is the Lord from heaven. Having said that “the natural was first,” and “the spiritual afterward,” he again states an

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Lectures or Tractates on the Gospel According to St. John · Augustine of Hippo

Relevance: Very high

11. But perhaps this is demanded of us, whether the fact that the temple was forty and six years in building may not have in it some mystery. There are, indeed, many things that may be said of this ma

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Relevance: Very high

So on the same account we have not eternal life merely as void of guilt, which we have by the atonement of Christ; but on the account of Christ’s activeness in obedience, and doing well. Christ is our

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A Treatise on the Spirit and the Letter · Augustine of Hippo

Relevance: Very high

Chapter 9 [VI].—Through the Law Sin Has Abounded. The apostle, then, wishing to commend the grace which has come to all nations through Jesus Christ, lest the Jews should extol themselves at the expe

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Ephraim Syrus: Nineteen Hymns on the Nativity of Christ in the Flesh · Ephrem the Syrian

Relevance: Very high

Hymn V. At the birth of the Son, there was a great shouting in Bethlehem; for the Angels came down, and gave praise there. Their voices were a great thunder: at that voice of praise the silent ones c

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But to return, it is plain, that death by Adam, and life and happiness by Christ, are here set in opposition: the latter being spoken of as good, the other as evil; one as the effect of righteousness,

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Relevance: Very high

Chapter 34 [XXIX.]—No Man Ever Saved Save by Christ. Now, whoever maintains that human nature at any period required not the second Adam for its physician, because it was not corrupted in the first A

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Against Heresies: Book III · Irenaeus of Lyons

Relevance: Very high

1. Those, therefore, who allege that He took nothing from the Virgin do greatly err, [since,] in order that they may cast away the inheritance of the flesh, they also reject the analogy [between Him a

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4. But our definition of the image seems not to be complete until it appears more clearly what the faculties are in which man excels, and in which he is to be regarded as a mirror of the divine glory.

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Lectures or Tractates on the Gospel According to St. John · Augustine of Hippo

Relevance: Very high

7. “John beareth witness of Him, and crieth, saying, This was He of whom I spake, He that cometh after me is made before me.” He came after me, and He preceded me. What is it, “He is made before me”?

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The Homilies of St. John Chrysostom on Paul's Epistle to the Romans · John Chrysostom

Relevance: Very high

And what is this that he is speaking of? It is that sin had power to bring in death and condemnation; but grace did not do away that one sin only, but also those that followed after in its train. Lest

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This abounding of grace our author explains thus; “a rich overplus of grace, in erecting a new dispensation, furnished with a glorious fund of light, means, and motives,” (p. 44.) But will any pretend

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2. There is no evidence, that the benefit by the second Adam, spoken of in Rom. v. is the very same (containing neither more nor less) as the resurrection spoken of in 1 Cor. xv. It is no evidence of

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Relevance: Very high

So on the same account we have not eternal life merely as void of guilt, which we have by the atonement of Christ; but on the account of Christ’s activeness in obedience, and doing well. Christ is our

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1 Corinthians · Paul the Apostle

Relevance: Very high

The first man is of the earth, made of dust. The second man is the Lord from heaven.

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Against Heresies: Book III · Irenaeus of Lyons

Relevance: Very high

1. It was necessary, therefore, that the Lord, coming to the lost sheep, and making recapitulation of so comprehensive a dispensation, and seeking after His own handiwork, should save that very man wh

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Against Heresies: Book V · Irenaeus of Lyons

Relevance: Very high

1. That the Lord then was manifestly coming to His own things, and was sustaining them by means of that creation which is supported by Himself, and was making a recapitulation of that disobedience whi

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Against Heresies: Book V · Irenaeus of Lyons

Relevance: Very high

1. He had indeed been already accustomed to lie against God, for the purpose of leading men astray. For at the beginning, when God had given to man a variety of things for food, while He commanded him

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