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Meditation (Dhyāna)

Attention flowing unbroken toward one object — the steady deepening just before absorption.

Dhyāna is meditation in the precise sense: once attention has been fixed on an object (concentration), dhyāna is the steady, unbroken flow of that attention, like oil poured in a continuous thread. It is the seventh of Patañjali's eight limbs, the deepening that ripens into full absorption. The word and the practice radiated far beyond the Yoga school — across the Vedānta traditions and, in its Pali form jhāna and Chinese form chan/zen, into the wider Buddhist world.

How it traveled

  1. Bhagavad-gītā
    Kuru-Pañcāla region · -150
    applies
  2. Yoga-sūtra
    Kāśī (Varanasi) · 375
    explains
  3. Gheraṇḍa-saṃhitā
    Kāśī (Varanasi) · 1700
    explains

Key passages(20)

Bhagavad-gītā · Vyāsa (Yoga-bhāṣya commentator)

Very high

With the mind not moving towards anything else, made steadfast by the method of habitual meditation, and dwelling on the Supreme, Resplendent Purusha, O son of Prithâ, one goes to Him.

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Gheraṇḍa-saṃhitā · (attributed to Gheraṇḍa)

Very high

Chāndogya Upaniṣad · Vedic Revelation (śruti)

Very high

'Reflection (dhyâna) is better than consideration. The earth reflects, as it were, and thus does the sky, the heaven, the water, the mountains, gods and men. Therefore those who among men obtain great

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Gheraṇḍa-saṃhitā · (attributed to Gheraṇḍa)

Very high

Tantrasāra · Abhinavagupta

Very high

Yoga-sūtra · Patañjali

Very high

Yoga-sūtra · Patañjali

Very high

Bhagavad-gītā · Vyāsa (Yoga-bhāṣya commentator)

High

Better indeed is knowledge than (blind) Abhyâsa; meditation (with knowledge) is more esteemed than (mere) knowledge; than meditation the renunciation of the fruit of action; peace immediately follows

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Vijñāna-bhairava · Anonymous (Bhairava Āgama / Tantra)

High

Gītārtha-saṃgraha · Yāmunācārya (Ālavandār)

High

Vivekacūḍāmaṇi · Śaṅkara (traditionally ascribed; authorship doubted)

High

Praśna Upaniṣad · Vedic Revelation (śruti)

High

Then Saivya Satyakâma asked him: "Sir, if some one among men should meditate here until death on the syllable Om, what would he obtain by it?"

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Vijñāna-bhairava · Anonymous (Bhairava Āgama / Tantra)

High

Śvetāśvatara Upaniṣad · Vedic Revelation (śruti)

High

By making his body the under-wood, and the syllable Om the upper-wood, man, after repeating the drill of meditation, will perceive the bright god, like the spark hidden in the wood .

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Aṣṭāvakra-gītā · Aṣṭāvakra

High

Haṭhayoga-pradīpikā · Svātmārāma

High

Haṭhayoga-pradīpikā · Svātmārāma

High

Paramārthasāra · Abhinavagupta

High

Kaṭha Upaniṣad · Vedic Revelation (śruti)

High

The wise who, by means of meditation on his Self, recognises the Ancient, who is difficult to be seen, who has entered into the dark, who is hidden in the cave, who dwells in the abyss, as God, he ind

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Spanda-kārikā · Bhaṭṭa Kallaṭa

High