Nature and Spirit (Prakṛti & Puruṣa)

Sāṃkhya and Yoga build the cosmos from two ultimate kinds of thing: puruṣa, pure conscious 'spirit' that only witnesses and never acts, and prakṛti, unconscious 'nature' that does all the doing and evolves into mind, body, and world. Suffering arises when the witness mistakenly identifies with nature's activity; freedom comes when the two are clearly told apart. This dualism is one of the great alternatives to Vedānta's non-dualism.