The King as Shepherd of the People
Power as care: the good king was the shepherd who fed his flock and fought off the wolves.
A favorite image of the good king was the shepherd. Just as a herdsman leads his flock to pasture and water, guards it from predators, and tends the weak, so the king was to lead, protect, and provide for his people on the gods' behalf. The metaphor runs through royal hymns and law-prologues: the king 'shepherds' the land, makes it secure and prosperous, and ensures that the strong do not oppress the weak. It is one of the oldest and most enduring political ideals of the ancient Near East — power understood as care and responsibility, not mere domination.
Key passages(20)
A praise poem of Enlil-bāni (Enlil-bāni A)
Enlil-bāni, wondrous king among the princes! Created by An, elevated by Enlil, like Utu the light of all lands, born to princedom, girded with all the divine powers, watched over by Enlil and listened
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A prayer to Nanna for Rīm-Sîn (Rīm-Sîn E)
……, who is fitted for holy lustration rites, Rīm-Sîn, purification priest of An, who is fitted for pure prayers rites, whom you summoned from the holy womb ……, has been elevated to lordship over the L
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I, [ Sîn-šarra-i ] škun, great king, strong king, king of the world, king of Assyria; the one whom the deities Aššur, [ Mullissu, M ] arduk, Zarpanītu, Nabû, (and) Tašmētu steadfastly looked upon with
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Bur-Suen, the shepherd who makes Nibru utterly content, the powerful farmer of Urim, the restorer of Eridug’s divine design, the en priest suitable for the divine powers of Unug, king of Isin, king of
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Enlil-bani, the shepherd, who makes everything abundant for Nibru, the farmer of Urim’s plentiful barley, who purifies all divine powers of Eridug, the favourite en - priest of Unug, king of Isin, kin
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When I, Enlil-bani, the shepherd, who makes everything abundant for Nibru, the farmer of Urim’s plentiful barley, the en priest suitable for Unug, ceaseless provider of Eridug, the spouse chosen in th
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Lacuna [... ] firmly established; [... ] cultic rites (and) kidudû - rites [... cons ] tantly shepherded the people; [ whom the light of heaven, the god Sîn ], crow [ ned ] with the crown of lordship;
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Ur-Ninurta, the shepherd, who provides Nibru with everything, the herdsman of Urim, the išib priest of Eridug with pure hands, the favourite en priest of Unug, king of Isin, king of Sumer and Akkad, t
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A praise poem of Iddin-Dagan (Iddin-Dagan B)
Iddin-Dagan, in his majestic location An has decided a great fate for you, has made the just crown shine for you, has raised you to shepherdship over the Land, has placed the foreign lands at your fee
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A praise poem of Lipit-Eštar (Lipit-Eštar A)
I am a king treated with respect, good offspring from the womb. I am Lipit-Eštar, the son of Enlil. From the moment I lifted my head like a cedar sapling, I have been a man who possesses strength in a
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From the temple of his master, 1 sila of beer, 1 sila of bread, half a sila of flour, and half a sila of husked emmer groats are the regular offerings placed before the statue of Gudea, ruler of Lagaš
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[ I, Sîn-šar ] ra-iškun, great king, strong king, king of the world, k [ ing of Assyria, favored by the deities Aššur ], Enlil, (and) Mullissu; pious governor, [... of Ešarra, humble ruler; chos ] en
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I, the king, was a hero already in the womb; I, Šulgi, was born to be a mighty man. I am a fierce-looking lion, begotten by a dragon. I am the king of the four regions; I am the herdsman and shepherd
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A šir-namgala to Ninisina for Lipit-Eštar (Lipit-Eštar E)
He told her, Ninisina, the great daughter of An, the great daughter-in-law, ……: That Lipit-Eštar should be your provider -- so let it be! Šagbatuku. Ninisina (?) paid attention to Enlil's utterance.
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Enlil-bani, the shepherd, who makes everything abundant for Nibru, the powerful king, king of Isin, king of Sumer and Akkad, the spouse chosen in the heart by Inana, the beloved of Enlil and Ninisina,
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When I, Lipit-Eštar, the humble shepherd of Nibru, the true farmer of Urim, ceaseless provider of Eridug, the en priest suitable for Unug, king of Isin, king of Sumer and Akkad, the favourite of Inana
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To Enlil, king of all lands. When to Lugal-zage-si, king of Uruk, king of the Land, išib priest of An, lumah priest of Nisaba, child of Bubu, ruler of Umma, lumah priest of Nisaba, the one looked upon
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I, Sîn-šarra-iškun, great king, stron [ g ] king, [ king of the world, king of A ] ssyria, favored by the deities Aššur, Enlil, (and) Mullissu; pio [ us ] governor, [... ] of Ešarra, humble ruler; cho
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Urdu-kuga, the shepherd, who provides Nibru with everything, the great farmer of An and Enlil, the provider of the E-kur,....
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A praise poem of Išme-Dagan (Išme-Dagan A + V)
Enlil, by far …… He to whom the great gods pay attention; foundation deposit of the Anuna, living …… of the Enki deities; he whose great divine powers know no opponents, whose …… excel all others, who
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