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greek-theologyfeatured in 40 works

Apotheosis / The Divine Man

The moment a mortal crosses into the divine — the hero Heracles ascending from his pyre, or a Roman emperor voted a god by the Senate.

Apotheosis is the raising of a human being to divine rank. In Greek myth it was reserved for a handful of great heroes, like Heracles and the Dioscuri, who earned a place among the gods. From the late 4th century BCE, Hellenistic kings — starting with Alexander's successors — claimed divine honors while still alive, and Rome turned the idea into formal state ritual, consecrating dead emperors as 'divi' beginning with Julius Caesar and Augustus. Philosophers turned the theme inward, treating the sage's likeness to god as a spiritual rather than literal deification. The concept mattered because it defined the porous boundary between human and divine that later monotheisms would sharply police.

How it traveled

  1. Odyssey
    Ios · -700
    explains
  2. Histories
    Thurii (Magna Graecia) · -425
    explains
  3. Helen
    Athens · -370
    explains
  4. de Natura Deorum
    Formiae · -43
    explains
  5. Ab urbe condita
    Padua · -27
    explains
  6. Aeneid
    Rome · -19
    explains
  7. Metamorphoses
    Tomis (Constanța) · 8
    explains
  8. Epistulae
    Tomis (Constanța) · 17
    explains
  9. Geography
    Amaseia · 24
    explains
  10. Romulus
    Chaeronea · 120
    explains
  11. Alexander
    Chaeronea · 120
    explains
  12. Demetrius
    Chaeronea · 120
    explains
  13. De Iside et Osiride
    Chaeronea · 120
    explains
  14. Divus Augustus
    Rome · 122
    explains
  15. Civil Wars
    Alexandria · 165
    explains
  16. Description of Greece
    · 180
    explains
  17. Dialogi mortuorum
    Samosata · 180
    explains
  18. De Morte Peregrini
    Samosata · 180
    explains
  19. Dialogi deorum
    Samosata · 180
    explains
  20. Deorum concilium
    Samosata · 180
    explains
  21. Alexander
    Samosata · 180
    explains
  22. Deipnosophistae
    Naucratis · 230
    explains
  23. Vitae philosophorum
    · 240
    explains
  24. Res Gestae
    Rome · 400
    explains
  25. Midrash Tanchuma
    Tiberias · 600
  26. Yalkut Shimoni on Nach
    Tiberias · 1250
  27. Historical Library
    Syracuse (Sicily)
    explains
  28. Historia Romana
    Rome
    explains
  29. Ἀλεξάνδρου Ἀνάβασις
    Nicomedia
    explains
  30. Legatio Ad Gaium
    explains
  31. Library
    explains
  32. Praeparatio Evangelica
    explains
  33. Historia Ecclesiastica
    explains
  34. Odes
    Rome
    explains
  35. Contra Celsum
    explains
  36. Jewish Antiquities
    explains
  37. Stromata
    explains
  38. Historiarum Alexandri Magni
    Rome
    explains
  39. Apocolocyntosis
    explains
  40. Hymn 2 to Demeter
    explains

Key passages(20)

Orationes 5 · Aelius Aristides

Very high

Ἀλεξάνδρου Ἀνάβασις · Arrian

Very high

When Anaxarchus had uttered these remarks and others of a similar kind, those who were privy to the plan applauded his speech, and wished at once to begin the ceremony of prostration. Most of the Mace

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Very high

Gaius was praised for this, partly out of fear and partly with sincerity, and when some called him a demigod and others a god, he fairly lost his head. Indeed, even before this he had been demanding t

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Historical Library · Diodorus Siculus

Very high

These men, therefore, performed the offerings to the dead as to a hero, and after throwing up a great mound of earth returned to Trachis. Following their example Menoetius, the son of Actor and a frie

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Historical Library · Diodorus Siculus

Very high

We should add to what has been said about Heracles, that after his apotheosis Zeus persuaded Hera to adopt him as her son and henceforth for all time to cherish him with a mother's love, and this adop

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Dialogi mortuorum · Lucian of Samosata

Very high

ALEXANDER Don’t you praise me for my adventurous spirit, father, and for being first man to leap into the fort of the Oxydracae, and for receiving so many wounds? PHILIP I don’t. Not that I think it’s

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Very high

The merit of Aeneas now had moved the gods. Even Juno stayed her lasting hate, when, with the state of young Iulus safe, the hero son of Cytherea was prepared for heaven. In a council of the gods Venu

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Very high

At Proca's death unjust Amulius seized with his troops the whole Ausonian wealth. And yet old Numitor, obtaining aid from his two grandsons, won the land again which he had lost; and on the festival o

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Very high

Apollo's son came to us from abroad, but Caesar is a god in his own land. The first in war and peace, he rose by wars, which closed in triumphs, and by civic deeds to glory quickly won, and even more

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Very high

There was no limit to his misery; raising both hands up towards the stars of heaven, he cried, “Come Juno, feast upon my death; feast on me, cruel one, look down from your exalted seat; behold my drea

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Very high

during which the multitude dispersed and fled, but the nobles gathered closely together; and when the storm had ceased, and the sun shone out, and the multitude, now gathered together again in the sam

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Very high

He himself, then, affrighted at the sight, had said: O King, what possessed thee, or what purpose hadst thou, that thou hast left us patricians a prey to unjust and wicked accusations, and the whole c

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Very high

We must not, therefore, violate nature by sending the bodies of good men with their souls to heaven, but implicitly believe that their virtues and their souls, in accordance with nature and divine jus

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Scholia in Pindarum Nemean Odes · Scholia in Pindarum

Very high

Apocolocyntosis · Seneca, Lucius Annaeus

Very high

Then arose the blessed Augustus, when his turn came, and spoke with much eloquence. I call you to witness, my lords and gentlemen, said he, " that since the day I was made a god I have never uttered o

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Apocolocyntosis · Seneca, Lucius Annaeus

Very high

At last it came into Jove's head, that while strangers were in the House it was not lawful to speak or debate. My lords and gentlemen, said he, I gave you leave to ask questions, and you have made a r

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Caligula · Suetonius

Very high

Thus far we have spoken of him as a prince. What remains to be said of him, bespeaks him rather a monster than a man. He assumed a variety of titles, such as "Dutiful," "The Pious," "Child of the Camp

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Divus Julius · Suetonius

Very high

He died in the fifty-sixth year of his age, and was ranked amongst the Gods, not only by a formal decree, but in the belief of the vulgar. For during the first games which Augustus, his heir, consecra

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Ad Nationes Libri Duo · Tertullian

Very high

Res Gestae · Ammianus Marcellinus

Very high

Finally, after all the neighbouring lands had been brought under his rule, by force, by regard for justice, or by fear, and he had filled Persia with cities, with fortified camps, and with strongholds

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