Knowledge vs Opinion
Plato's sharp line between secure, reasoned knowledge and mere opinion that happens to be right but can't say why.
The contrast between episteme (knowledge) and doxa (opinion or belief) lies at the heart of Plato's thought in the 4th century BCE. In the Meno and the Republic he argues that a true opinion, however correct, stays unstable and inferior to knowledge until it is 'tied down' by an account of the reason why — and that real knowledge takes the unchanging Forms, not the shifting world of the senses, as its objects. This distinction set the agenda for epistemology, framing the lasting question of what turns a true belief into knowledge.
How it traveled
- MenoAthens · -385explains
- RepublicAthens · -375explains
- TheaetetusAthens · -369explains
- PhilebusAthens · -355explains
- MemorabiliaAthens · -354explains
- MetaphysicsChalcis · -322explains
- Nicomachean EthicsChalcis · -322explains
- Eudemian EthicsChalcis · -322explains
- Analytica prioraChalcis · -322explains
- HermotimusSamosata · 180explains
- Adversus MathematicosAlexandria · 190explains
- Pyrrhoniae HypotyposesAlexandria · 210explains
- Vitae philosophorum— · 240explains
- HaEmunot veHaDeotSura (Babylonia) · 933
- Duties of the HeartZaragoza (Saragossa) · 1080
- KuzariJerusalem · 1120
- Guide for the PerplexedCairo · 1190
- Yalkut Shimoni on NachTiberias · 1250
- Sefer HaIkkarimSoria · 1425
- Akeidat YitzchakTarragona · 1490
- Abarbanel on TorahNaples · 1505
- Avodat HaKodesh (Ibn Gabbai)Cairo · 1523
- Ketem Paz on ZoharTzfat · 1561
- Da'at TevunotPadua · 1735
- TanyaLiadi · 1797
- Likutei MoharanBreslov (Ukraine) · 1802
- Maor VaShemeshKrakow (Cracow) · 1817
- Sha'arei HaYichud VeEmunahStrashelye · 1820
- Likutei HalakhotBreslov (Ukraine) · 1840
- Sha'ar HaEmunah VeYesod HaChasidutRadzin (Radzyń Podlaski) · 1850
- Malbim on JobBucharest · 1860
- Malbim on ProverbsBucharest · 1860
- Malbim on PsalmsBucharest · 1860
- Malbim on JeremiahBucharest · 1860
- BePardes HaChasidut VeHakabbalahWarsaw · 1910
- Sulam on ZoharJerusalem · 1945
- Stromata—explains
- De Ebrietate—explains
- De Somniis (lib. i-ii)—explains
- Legum Allegoriarum Libri I-III—explains
Key passages(20)
Guide for the Perplexed · Moses ben Maimon (Rambam) · 1190 CE
ההבדל בין היוצר לבין האדם3 ידיעתנו) זהו המצב באשר למכלול המציאות ויחסה אל ידיעתנו וידיעתו יתעלה. כי אנחנו יודעים כל מה שאנחנו יודעים רק בשל ההתבוננות במצויים, ולכן ידיעתנו אינה חלה על מה שעתיד להיות ו
Tap to expand
Epistulae · Basil, Saint, Bishop of Caesarea
Defense of Palamedes · Gorgias of Leontini
Alc. A paltry one, I should call it, Socrates. Soc. Yes, you would, I expect, when you saw each one of them vying with the other and assigning the largest part in the conduct of the state to thatWhere
Tap to expand
Soc. I mean that good men must be useful: we were right, were we not, in admitting that this must needs be so? Men. Yes. Soc. And in thinking that they will be useful if they give us right guidance in
Tap to expand
Soc. To possess one of his works which is let loose does not count for much in value; it will not stay with you any more than a runaway slave: but when fastened up it is worth a great deal, for his pr
Tap to expand
Soc. And that there are only two things— true opinion and knowledge—that guide rightly and a man guides rightly if he have these; for things that come about by chance do not occur through human guidan
Tap to expand
That is. How could that which is not be known? We are sufficiently assured of this, then, even if we should examine it from every point of view, that that which entirelyis is entirely knowable, and th
Tap to expand
Excellent, said I, and we are plainly agreed that opinion is a different thing from scientific knowledge. Yes, different. Each of them, then, since it has a different power, is related to a different
Tap to expand
This much premised, let him tell me, I will say, let him answer me, that good fellow who does not think there is a beautiful in itself or any idea of beauty in itself always remaining the same and unc
Tap to expand
Shall we not also say that the one welcomes to his thought and loves the things subject to knowledge and the other those to opinion? Do we not remember that we said that those loved and regarded tones
Tap to expand
“A strange image you speak of,” he said, “and strange prisoners.” “Like to us,” I said; “for, to begin with, tell me do you think that these men would have seen anything of themselves or of one anothe
Tap to expand
“Are you satisfied, then,” said I, “as before, to call the first division science, the second understanding, the third belief, and the fourth conjecture or picture-thought—and the last two collectivel
Tap to expand
SOC. But surely we did not begin our conversation in order to find out what knowledge is not, but what it is. However, we have progressed so far, at least, as not to seek for knowledge in perception a
Tap to expand
SOC. Then this, at any rate, is possible for us, is it not, regarding all things collectively and each thing separately, either to know or not to know them? For learning and forgetting, as intermediat
Tap to expand
SOC. I will not tell you until I have tried to consider the matter in every way. For I should be ashamed of us, if, in our perplexity, we were forced to make such admissions as those to which I refer.
Tap to expand
SOC. See if you follow me better now. If Socrates knows Theodorus and Theaetetus, but sees neither of them and has no other perception of them, he never could have the opinion within himself that Thea
Tap to expand