Ataraxia
The deep, unshakable calm that remains when the mind is no longer troubled by fear or anxious desire.
Ataraxia means freedom from disturbance — a settled tranquility of mind that two rival schools made their goal by opposite routes. For Epicurus (who founded his Athens school around 306 BCE), it came from shedding the fear of gods and death and limiting desire to what is natural and necessary. For the Pyrrhonist Skeptics, it followed from suspending judgment on questions that cannot be settled, letting anxiety simply fall away. Both the word and the aim shaped later ideas about peace of mind.
How it traveled
- Epistula ad MenoeceumAthens · -270explains
- De Rerum NaturaRome · -55explains
- de Finibus Bonorum et MalorumFormiae · -43explains
- Tusculanae DisputationesFormiae · -43explains
- Remedia amorisTomis (Constanța) · 1applies
- DiscoursesNicopolis · 108explains
- Non Posse Suaviter Vivi Secundum EpicurumChaeronea · 120explains
- De Tranquillitate AnimiChaeronea · 120explains
- Consolatio ad ApolloniumChaeronea · 120explains
- De exilioChaeronea · 120explains
- Quaestiones ConvivalesChaeronea · 120explains
- The HandbookNicopolis · 135explains
- FragmentsNicopolis · 135explains
- Ad Se IpsumVindobona (Vienna) · 170explains
- NigrinusSamosata · 180explains
- GallusSamosata · 180explains
- Adversus MathematicosAlexandria · 190explains
- Pyrrhoniae HypotyposesAlexandria · 210explains
- Vitae philosophorum— · 240explains
- Mivchar HaPeninimGranada · 950
- Duties of the HeartZaragoza (Saragossa) · 1080
- Yalkut Shimoni on NachTiberias · 1250
- Sefer HaIkkarimSoria · 1425
- Reshit ChokhmahTzfat · 1575
- Ohr HaChammah on ZoharTzfat · 1620
- Mesillat YesharimAmsterdam · 1738
- Likutei HalakhotBreslov (Ukraine) · 1840
- Malbim on JobBucharest · 1860
- De Tranquilitate Animi—redefines
- Epistulae—explains
- OdesRomeexplains
- De Specialibus Legibus (lib. i‑iv)—explains
- Historia RomanaRomeexplains
- De Somniis (lib. i-ii)—explains
- De Posteritate Caini—explains
- De Praemiis Et Poenis Et De Exsecrationibus—explains
- De Abrahamo—explains
- De Vita Beata—explains
- De Migratione Abrahami—explains
- De Cherubim—explains
Key passages(20)
Vitae philosophorum · Diogenes Laertius
He who has a clear and certain understanding of these things will direct every preference and aversion toward securing health of body and tranquillity of mind, seeing that this is the sum and end of a
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TO THOSE WHO ARE DESIROUS OF PASSING LIFE IN TRANQUILLITY.—Remember that not only the desire of power and of riches makes us mean and subject to others, but even the desire of tranquillity, and of lei
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If you intend to improve, throw away such thoughts as these: if I neglect my affairs, I shall not have the means of living: unless I chastise my slave, he will be bad. For it is better to die of hunge
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If you intend to improve, throw away such thoughts as these: if I neglect my affairs, I shall not have the means of living: unless I chastise my slave, he will be bad. For it is better to die of hunge
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Doxographic testimonia: Epicurus is credited with originating gr-ataraxia, gr-clinamen, gr-atoms-void.
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They seek for themselves private retiring places, as country villages, the sea-shore, mountains; yea thou thyself art wont to long much after such places. But all this thou must know proceeds from sim
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From Plutarch to Parcius, health and prosperity. It was only very recently that I received your letter in which you urged me to write you something on tranquillity of mind, and also something on those
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And yet it is also highly conducive to tranquillity of mind to examine, if possible, oneself and one’s fortunes, but if that is not possible, to observe persons of inferior fortune, and not, as most p
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Further, another matter which greatly interferes with tranquillity of mind is that we do not manage our impulses, as sailors do their sails, to correspond to our capacity; in our expectations we aim a
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This, then, is a matter disturbing to tranquillity of mind; and another, even more disturbing, arises when, like flies which slip off the smooth surfaces of mirrors, but stick to places which are roug
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The result is that since we at our birth received the mingled seeds of each of these affections, and since therefore our nature possesses much unevenness, a man of sense prays for better things, but e
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And, to speak generally, although some of the things which happen against our will do by their very nature bring pain and distress, yet since it is through false opinion that we learn and become accus
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Now he who said, The man who would be tranquil in his mind must not engage in many affairs, either private or public, first of all makes our tranquillity very expensive if it is bought at the price of
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Such contentment and change of view toward every kind of life is created by reason when it has been engendered within us. Alexander wept when he heard Anaxarchus discourse about an infinite number of
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This, then, we should practice and cultivate first of all, like the man who threw a stone at his dog, but missed her and hit his stepmother, whereupon he exclaimed, Not so bad after all! For it is pos
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Therefore let us resume our discussion of circumstances. For just as in a fever everything we eat seems bitter and unpleasant to the taste, and yet when we see others taking the same food and finding
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And what, someone may say, do we really have and what do we not have? One man has reputation, another a house, another a wife, another a good friend. Antipater of Tarsus, on his deathbed reckoning up
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When Zeno was told that the only ship he had remaining was cast away at sea with all her lading, he replied: Well done Fortune, that hast reduced me to the habit and life of a philosopher. And, indeed
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