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greek-ethicsfeatured in 40 works

Ataraxia

The deep, unshakable calm that remains when the mind is no longer troubled by fear or anxious desire.

Ataraxia means freedom from disturbance — a settled tranquility of mind that two rival schools made their goal by opposite routes. For Epicurus (who founded his Athens school around 306 BCE), it came from shedding the fear of gods and death and limiting desire to what is natural and necessary. For the Pyrrhonist Skeptics, it followed from suspending judgment on questions that cannot be settled, letting anxiety simply fall away. Both the word and the aim shaped later ideas about peace of mind.

How it traveled

  1. Epistula ad Menoeceum
    Athens · -270
    explains
  2. De Rerum Natura
    Rome · -55
    explains
  3. de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum
    Formiae · -43
    explains
  4. Tusculanae Disputationes
    Formiae · -43
    explains
  5. Remedia amoris
    Tomis (Constanța) · 1
    applies
  6. Discourses
    Nicopolis · 108
    explains
  7. Non Posse Suaviter Vivi Secundum Epicurum
    Chaeronea · 120
    explains
  8. De Tranquillitate Animi
    Chaeronea · 120
    explains
  9. Consolatio ad Apollonium
    Chaeronea · 120
    explains
  10. De exilio
    Chaeronea · 120
    explains
  11. Quaestiones Convivales
    Chaeronea · 120
    explains
  12. The Handbook
    Nicopolis · 135
    explains
  13. Fragments
    Nicopolis · 135
    explains
  14. Ad Se Ipsum
    Vindobona (Vienna) · 170
    explains
  15. Nigrinus
    Samosata · 180
    explains
  16. Gallus
    Samosata · 180
    explains
  17. Adversus Mathematicos
    Alexandria · 190
    explains
  18. Pyrrhoniae Hypotyposes
    Alexandria · 210
    explains
  19. Vitae philosophorum
    · 240
    explains
  20. Mivchar HaPeninim
    Granada · 950
  21. Duties of the Heart
    Zaragoza (Saragossa) · 1080
  22. Yalkut Shimoni on Nach
    Tiberias · 1250
  23. Sefer HaIkkarim
    Soria · 1425
  24. Reshit Chokhmah
    Tzfat · 1575
  25. Ohr HaChammah on Zohar
    Tzfat · 1620
  26. Mesillat Yesharim
    Amsterdam · 1738
  27. Likutei Halakhot
    Breslov (Ukraine) · 1840
  28. Malbim on Job
    Bucharest · 1860
  29. De Tranquilitate Animi
    redefines
  30. Epistulae
    explains
  31. Odes
    Rome
    explains
  32. De Specialibus Legibus (lib. i‑iv)
    explains
  33. Historia Romana
    Rome
    explains
  34. De Somniis (lib. i-ii)
    explains
  35. De Posteritate Caini
    explains
  36. De Praemiis Et Poenis Et De Exsecrationibus
    explains
  37. De Abrahamo
    explains
  38. De Vita Beata
    explains
  39. De Migratione Abrahami
    explains
  40. De Cherubim
    explains

Key passages(20)

Vitae philosophorum · Diogenes Laertius

Very high

He who has a clear and certain understanding of these things will direct every preference and aversion toward securing health of body and tranquillity of mind, seeing that this is the sum and end of a

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Very high

TO THOSE WHO ARE DESIROUS OF PASSING LIFE IN TRANQUILLITY.—Remember that not only the desire of power and of riches makes us mean and subject to others, but even the desire of tranquillity, and of lei

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Very high

If you intend to improve, throw away such thoughts as these: if I neglect my affairs, I shall not have the means of living: unless I chastise my slave, he will be bad. For it is better to die of hunge

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The Handbook · Epictetus

Very high

If you intend to improve, throw away such thoughts as these: if I neglect my affairs, I shall not have the means of living: unless I chastise my slave, he will be bad. For it is better to die of hunge

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Epistula ad Herodotum · Epicurus

Very high

Epistula ad Menoeceum · Epicurus

Very high

Epicurus: Fragments & Testimonia · Epicurus

Very high

Doxographic testimonia: Epicurus is credited with originating gr-ataraxia, gr-clinamen, gr-atoms-void.

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Ad Se Ipsum · Marcus Aurelius

Very high

They seek for themselves private retiring places, as country villages, the sea-shore, mountains; yea thou thyself art wont to long much after such places. But all this thou must know proceeds from sim

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De Tranquillitate Animi · Plutarch

Very high

From Plutarch to Parcius, health and prosperity. It was only very recently that I received your letter in which you urged me to write you something on tranquillity of mind, and also something on those

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De Tranquillitate Animi · Plutarch

Very high

And yet it is also highly conducive to tranquillity of mind to examine, if possible, oneself and one’s fortunes, but if that is not possible, to observe persons of inferior fortune, and not, as most p

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De Tranquillitate Animi · Plutarch

Very high

Further, another matter which greatly interferes with tranquillity of mind is that we do not manage our impulses, as sailors do their sails, to correspond to our capacity; in our expectations we aim a

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De Tranquillitate Animi · Plutarch

Very high

This, then, is a matter disturbing to tranquillity of mind; and another, even more disturbing, arises when, like flies which slip off the smooth surfaces of mirrors, but stick to places which are roug

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De Tranquillitate Animi · Plutarch

Very high

The result is that since we at our birth received the mingled seeds of each of these affections, and since therefore our nature possesses much unevenness, a man of sense prays for better things, but e

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De Tranquillitate Animi · Plutarch

Very high

And, to speak generally, although some of the things which happen against our will do by their very nature bring pain and distress, yet since it is through false opinion that we learn and become accus

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De Tranquillitate Animi · Plutarch

Very high

Now he who said, The man who would be tranquil in his mind must not engage in many affairs, either private or public, first of all makes our tranquillity very expensive if it is bought at the price of

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De Tranquillitate Animi · Plutarch

Very high

Such contentment and change of view toward every kind of life is created by reason when it has been engendered within us. Alexander wept when he heard Anaxarchus discourse about an infinite number of

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De Tranquillitate Animi · Plutarch

Very high

This, then, we should practice and cultivate first of all, like the man who threw a stone at his dog, but missed her and hit his stepmother, whereupon he exclaimed, Not so bad after all! For it is pos

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De Tranquillitate Animi · Plutarch

Very high

Therefore let us resume our discussion of circumstances. For just as in a fever everything we eat seems bitter and unpleasant to the taste, and yet when we see others taking the same food and finding

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De Tranquillitate Animi · Plutarch

Very high

And what, someone may say, do we really have and what do we not have? One man has reputation, another a house, another a wife, another a good friend. Antipater of Tarsus, on his deathbed reckoning up

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De exilio · Plutarch

Very high

When Zeno was told that the only ship he had remaining was cast away at sea with all her lading, he replied: Well done Fortune, that hast reduced me to the habit and life of a philosopher. And, indeed

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