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greek-politicsfeatured in 40 works

Liberty

Freedom as the Greeks and Romans prized it — the free city ruling itself, and the citizen who is no one's slave.

Ancient liberty (Greek eleutheria, Latin libertas) meant two things at once: the independence of a self-governing city, and the standing of a citizen who is free rather than enslaved or subject to a master. Herodotus framed Greek freedom against Persian despotism (5th c. BCE), and Roman libertas became the proud emblem of the Republic against kingly and tyrannical power, championed by Cicero. This civic ideal of freedom-as-non-domination shaped republican thought all the way down to the modern age.

How it traveled

  1. Histories
    Thurii (Magna Graecia) · -425
    explains
  2. History of the Peloponnesian War
    Athens · -400
    explains
  3. Funeral Oration
    Athens · -380
    explains
  4. Panegyricus
    Athens · -380
    explains
  5. Republic
    Athens · -375
    explains
  6. On the Peace
    Athens · -355
    explains
  7. Hellenica
    Athens · -354
    explains
  8. Against Aristocrates
    Athens · -353
    explains
  9. For the Liberty of the Rhodians
    Athens · -351
    explains
  10. On the Crown
    Athens · -330
    explains
  11. Fourth Philippic
    Athens · -322
    explains
  12. Histories
    Megalopolis · -118
    explains
  13. In C. Verrem
    Formiae · -70
    explains
  14. De Lege Agraria
    Formiae · -63
    explains
  15. Pro C. Rabirio Perduellionis Reo Ad Quirites
    Formiae · -63
    explains
  16. De Republica
    Formiae · -54
    explains
  17. Gallic War
    Rome · -51
    explains
  18. Philippicae
    Formiae · -44
    explains
  19. Ab urbe condita
    Padua · -27
    explains
  20. Geography
    Amaseia · 24
    explains
  21. Discourses
    Nicopolis · 108
    redefines
  22. Titus Flamininus
    Chaeronea · 120
    explains
  23. Cato the Younger
    Chaeronea · 120
    explains
  24. Dion
    Chaeronea · 120
    explains
  25. Brutus
    Chaeronea · 120
    explains
  26. Apophthegmata Laconica
    Chaeronea · 120
    explains
  27. Civil Wars
    Alexandria · 165
    explains
  28. Description of Greece
    · 180
    explains
  29. Tyrannicida
    Samosata · 180
    explains
  30. Vitae philosophorum
    · 240
    explains
  31. Historia Romana
    Rome
    redefines
  32. Historical Library
    Syracuse (Sicily)
    explains
  33. Quod Omnis Probus Liber Sit
    explains
  34. Antiquitates Romanae
    Rome
    explains
  35. Jewish Antiquities
    explains
  36. Orationes
    Prusa
    redefines
  37. Epistulae
    explains
  38. The Jewish War
    explains
  39. Fragmenta Moralia
    Athens
    explains
  40. De Bellis
    Constantinople (Istanbul)
    explains

Key passages(20)

I do assert to you, O Romans, that by this beautiful agrarian law, by this law calculated solely for the good of the people, nothing whatever is given to you, everything is sacrificed to a few particu

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What then is the fruit of these opinions? It is that which ought to be the most noble and the most becoming to those who are really educated, release from perturbation, release from fear. Freedom. For

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Jewish Antiquities · Flavius Josephus

Very high

Although it be a thing incredible, O Romans! because of the great length of time, that so unexpected an event hath happened, yet are we now in possession of liberty. How long indeed this will last is

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To the Uneducated Cynics · Julian, Emperor of Rome

Very high

De mercede · Lucian of Samosata

Very high

First of all, remember never again from that time forward to think yourself free or noble. All that— your pride of race, your freedom, your ancient lineage—you will leave outside the threshold, let me

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Against Leocrates · Lycurgus

Very high

Quod Omnis Probus Liber Sit · Philo Judaeus

Very high

for, for what other object are councils and assemblies convened nearly every day, rather than about freedom, with a view to the confirmation of it if it is present, and to the acquisition of it if it

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Very high

The Freedom of Greece Upon this decree being published in Greece, it created a feeling of confidence and gratification in all the communities except the Aetolians. These last were annoyed at not getti

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Very high

Proclamation At the Isthmian Games When these decisions had been come to, the time for the celebration of the Isthmian games arrived. The expectation of what would happen there drew the men of highest

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Very high

Scholia in Euripidis Hecubam (scholia vetera et scholia recentiora Thomae Magistri, Triclinii, Moschopuli et anonyma) · Scholia in Euripidem

Very high

Epistulae · Seneca, Lucius Annaeus

Very high

Facta et Dicta Memorabilia · Valerius Maximus

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Think of these things, these opinions, these words; look to these examples, if you would be free, if you desire the thing according to its worth. And what is the wonder if you buy so great a thing at

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Very high

Civil Wars · Appian of Alexandria

Very high

If Caesar did no more against your liberty then are we perjured. But if he restored to you neither the magistracies of the city nor those of the provinces, neither the command of armies, the priestly

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Orationes 32 · Aelius Aristides

Very high