Liberty
Freedom as the Greeks and Romans prized it — the free city ruling itself, and the citizen who is no one's slave.
Ancient liberty (Greek eleutheria, Latin libertas) meant two things at once: the independence of a self-governing city, and the standing of a citizen who is free rather than enslaved or subject to a master. Herodotus framed Greek freedom against Persian despotism (5th c. BCE), and Roman libertas became the proud emblem of the Republic against kingly and tyrannical power, championed by Cicero. This civic ideal of freedom-as-non-domination shaped republican thought all the way down to the modern age.
How it traveled
- HistoriesThurii (Magna Graecia) · -425explains
- History of the Peloponnesian WarAthens · -400explains
- Funeral OrationAthens · -380explains
- PanegyricusAthens · -380explains
- RepublicAthens · -375explains
- On the PeaceAthens · -355explains
- HellenicaAthens · -354explains
- Against AristocratesAthens · -353explains
- For the Liberty of the RhodiansAthens · -351explains
- On the CrownAthens · -330explains
- Fourth PhilippicAthens · -322explains
- HistoriesMegalopolis · -118explains
- In C. VerremFormiae · -70explains
- De Lege AgrariaFormiae · -63explains
- Pro C. Rabirio Perduellionis Reo Ad QuiritesFormiae · -63explains
- De RepublicaFormiae · -54explains
- Gallic WarRome · -51explains
- PhilippicaeFormiae · -44explains
- Ab urbe conditaPadua · -27explains
- GeographyAmaseia · 24explains
- DiscoursesNicopolis · 108redefines
- Titus FlamininusChaeronea · 120explains
- Cato the YoungerChaeronea · 120explains
- DionChaeronea · 120explains
- BrutusChaeronea · 120explains
- Apophthegmata LaconicaChaeronea · 120explains
- Civil WarsAlexandria · 165explains
- Description of Greece— · 180explains
- TyrannicidaSamosata · 180explains
- Vitae philosophorum— · 240explains
- Historia RomanaRomeredefines
- Historical LibrarySyracuse (Sicily)explains
- Quod Omnis Probus Liber Sit—explains
- Antiquitates RomanaeRomeexplains
- Jewish Antiquities—explains
- OrationesPrusaredefines
- Epistulae—explains
- The Jewish War—explains
- Fragmenta MoraliaAthensexplains
- De BellisConstantinople (Istanbul)explains
Key passages(20)
I do assert to you, O Romans, that by this beautiful agrarian law, by this law calculated solely for the good of the people, nothing whatever is given to you, everything is sacrificed to a few particu
Tap to expand
What then is the fruit of these opinions? It is that which ought to be the most noble and the most becoming to those who are really educated, release from perturbation, release from fear. Freedom. For
Tap to expand
Jewish Antiquities · Flavius Josephus
Although it be a thing incredible, O Romans! because of the great length of time, that so unexpected an event hath happened, yet are we now in possession of liberty. How long indeed this will last is
Tap to expand
To the Uneducated Cynics · Julian, Emperor of Rome
First of all, remember never again from that time forward to think yourself free or noble. All that— your pride of race, your freedom, your ancient lineage—you will leave outside the threshold, let me
Tap to expand
Quod Omnis Probus Liber Sit · Philo Judaeus
for, for what other object are councils and assemblies convened nearly every day, rather than about freedom, with a view to the confirmation of it if it is present, and to the acquisition of it if it
Tap to expand
The Freedom of Greece Upon this decree being published in Greece, it created a feeling of confidence and gratification in all the communities except the Aetolians. These last were annoyed at not getti
Tap to expand
Proclamation At the Isthmian Games When these decisions had been come to, the time for the celebration of the Isthmian games arrived. The expectation of what would happen there drew the men of highest
Tap to expand
Scholia in Euripidis Hecubam (scholia vetera et scholia recentiora Thomae Magistri, Triclinii, Moschopuli et anonyma) · Scholia in Euripidem
Facta et Dicta Memorabilia · Valerius Maximus
Think of these things, these opinions, these words; look to these examples, if you would be free, if you desire the thing according to its worth. And what is the wonder if you buy so great a thing at
Tap to expand
Civil Wars · Appian of Alexandria
If Caesar did no more against your liberty then are we perjured. But if he restored to you neither the magistracies of the city nor those of the provinces, neither the command of armies, the priestly
Tap to expand