Self-Sufficiency
Needing nothing outside oneself to be happy — the mark of a complete, almost god-like good.
Self-sufficiency (autarkeia) is the ideal of a life so complete in itself that it lacks nothing for happiness. Aristotle (4th c. BCE) made it a defining feature of the highest good and of contemplation. The Cynics and Stoics pushed it further, prizing independence from wealth, fortune, and other people, while Epicurus sought it through simple wants easily met. Across these schools, autarkeia became the Greek emblem of inner freedom.
How it traveled
- MemorabiliaAthens · -354explains
- SymposiumAthens · -354explains
- Nicomachean EthicsChalcis · -322explains
- Paradoxa StoicorumFormiae · -46explains
- De AmicitiaFormiae · -43explains
- Tusculanae DisputationesFormiae · -43explains
- DiscoursesNicopolis · 108explains
- Regum et imperatorum apophthegmata [attributed]Chaeronea · 120explains
- Apophthegmata LaconicaChaeronea · 120explains
- De Cupiditate DivitiarumChaeronea · 120explains
- FragmentsNicopolis · 135explains
- Ad Se IpsumVindobona (Vienna) · 170explains
- Dialogi mortuorumSamosata · 180explains
- TimonSamosata · 180explains
- Avot DeRabbi NatanYavneh · 220documented_parallel
- DeipnosophistaeNaucratis · 230explains
- Vitae philosophorum— · 240explains
- Midrash TanchumaTiberias · 600
- Mivchar HaPeninimGranada · 950
- Duties of the HeartZaragoza (Saragossa) · 1080
- Yalkut Shimoni on NachTiberias · 1250
- Sefer HaIkkarimSoria · 1425
- Akeidat YitzchakTarragona · 1490
- Avodat HaKodesh (Ibn Gabbai)Cairo · 1523
- Reshit ChokhmahTzfat · 1575
- Likutei MoharanBreslov (Ukraine) · 1802
- Maor VaShemeshKrakow (Cracow) · 1817
- Likutei HalakhotBreslov (Ukraine) · 1840
- Malbim on ProverbsBucharest · 1860
- Malbim on JobBucharest · 1860
- Epistulae—explains
- Historia RomanaRomeexplains
- Quod Omnis Probus Liber Sit—explains
- De Somniis (lib. i-ii)—explains
- OdesRomeexplains
- Fragmenta MoraliaAthensexplains
- De Mutatione Nominum—explains
- Historical LibrarySyracuse (Sicily)explains
- De Specialibus Legibus (lib. i‑iv)—applies
- SatiresRomeexplains
Key passages(20)
בֶּן זוֹמָא אוֹמֵר, אֵיזֶהוּ חָכָם, הַלּוֹמֵד מִכָּל אָדָם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים קיט) מִכָּל מְלַמְּדַי הִשְׂכַּלְתִּי כִּי עֵדְוֹתֶיךָ שִׂיחָה לִּי. אֵיזֶהוּ גִבּוֹר, הַכּוֹבֵשׁ אֶת יִצְרוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַ
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בן זומא אומר איזהו חכם הלומד מכל אדם שנא׳ (תהילים קי״ט:צ״ט) מכל מלמדי השכלתי איזו עלוב שבעלובים זה שהוא עלוב כמשה רבינו שנאמר (במדבר י״ב:ג׳) והאיש משה עניו מאד. איזו עשיר שבעשירים זה ששמח בחלקו שנאמר
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Avot DeRabbi Natan, Recension B
בן זומא אומר חכם הלמד מכל אדם שנאמר מכל מלמדי השכלתי (תהלים קי"ט צ"ט). איזהו מכובד המכבד את הבריות שנאמר כי מכבדי אכבד ובוזי יקלו (שמואל א' ב' ל'). איזהו גבור הכובש את יצרו שנאמר טוב ארך אפים מגבור (מ
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The same conclusion also appears to follow from a consideration of the self-sufficiency of happiness—for it is felt that the final good must be a thing sufficient in itself. The term self-sufficient,
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Also the activity of contemplation will be found to possess in the highest degree the quality that is termed self-sufficiency; for while it is true that the wise man equally with the just man and the
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Another debated question is whether friends are necessary or not for happiness. People say that the supremely happy are self-sufficing, and so have no need of friends: for they have the good things of
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De consolatione philosophiae · Boethius
De anima libri mantissa · Alexander of Aphrodisias
We must also consider self-sufficiency and friendship, and the interrelationship of their potentialities. For one may raise the question whether if a person be self-sufficing in every respect he will
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This is most manifest in the case of God; for it is clear that as he needs nothing more he will not need a friend, and that supposing he has no need of one he will not have one. Consequently the happi
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Now it is remarkable if that which is primary and eternal and supremely self-sufficient does not possess this very quality, viz. self-sufficiency and immunity, in a primary degree and as something goo
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