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greek-ethicsfeatured in 40 works

Self-Sufficiency

Needing nothing outside oneself to be happy — the mark of a complete, almost god-like good.

Self-sufficiency (autarkeia) is the ideal of a life so complete in itself that it lacks nothing for happiness. Aristotle (4th c. BCE) made it a defining feature of the highest good and of contemplation. The Cynics and Stoics pushed it further, prizing independence from wealth, fortune, and other people, while Epicurus sought it through simple wants easily met. Across these schools, autarkeia became the Greek emblem of inner freedom.

How it traveled

  1. Memorabilia
    Athens · -354
    explains
  2. Symposium
    Athens · -354
    explains
  3. Nicomachean Ethics
    Chalcis · -322
    explains
  4. Paradoxa Stoicorum
    Formiae · -46
    explains
  5. De Amicitia
    Formiae · -43
    explains
  6. Tusculanae Disputationes
    Formiae · -43
    explains
  7. Discourses
    Nicopolis · 108
    explains
  8. Regum et imperatorum apophthegmata [attributed]
    Chaeronea · 120
    explains
  9. Apophthegmata Laconica
    Chaeronea · 120
    explains
  10. De Cupiditate Divitiarum
    Chaeronea · 120
    explains
  11. Fragments
    Nicopolis · 135
    explains
  12. Ad Se Ipsum
    Vindobona (Vienna) · 170
    explains
  13. Dialogi mortuorum
    Samosata · 180
    explains
  14. Timon
    Samosata · 180
    explains
  15. Avot DeRabbi Natan
    Yavneh · 220
    documented_parallel
  16. Deipnosophistae
    Naucratis · 230
    explains
  17. Vitae philosophorum
    · 240
    explains
  18. Midrash Tanchuma
    Tiberias · 600
  19. Mivchar HaPeninim
    Granada · 950
  20. Duties of the Heart
    Zaragoza (Saragossa) · 1080
  21. Yalkut Shimoni on Nach
    Tiberias · 1250
  22. Sefer HaIkkarim
    Soria · 1425
  23. Akeidat Yitzchak
    Tarragona · 1490
  24. Avodat HaKodesh (Ibn Gabbai)
    Cairo · 1523
  25. Reshit Chokhmah
    Tzfat · 1575
  26. Likutei Moharan
    Breslov (Ukraine) · 1802
  27. Maor VaShemesh
    Krakow (Cracow) · 1817
  28. Likutei Halakhot
    Breslov (Ukraine) · 1840
  29. Malbim on Proverbs
    Bucharest · 1860
  30. Malbim on Job
    Bucharest · 1860
  31. Epistulae
    explains
  32. Historia Romana
    Rome
    explains
  33. Quod Omnis Probus Liber Sit
    explains
  34. De Somniis (lib. i-ii)
    explains
  35. Odes
    Rome
    explains
  36. Fragmenta Moralia
    Athens
    explains
  37. De Mutatione Nominum
    explains
  38. Historical Library
    Syracuse (Sicily)
    explains
  39. De Specialibus Legibus (lib. i‑iv)
    applies
  40. Satires
    Rome
    explains

Key passages(20)

Pirkei Avot 4:1documented_parallel

Pirkei Avot · 190 CE

Very high

בֶּן זוֹמָא אוֹמֵר, אֵיזֶהוּ חָכָם, הַלּוֹמֵד מִכָּל אָדָם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים קיט) מִכָּל מְלַמְּדַי הִשְׂכַּלְתִּי כִּי עֵדְוֹתֶיךָ שִׂיחָה לִּי. אֵיזֶהוּ גִבּוֹר, הַכּוֹבֵשׁ אֶת יִצְרוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַ

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Avot DeRabbi Natan 23:1documented_parallel

Avot DeRabbi Natan · 650 CE

Very high

בן זומא אומר איזהו חכם הלומד מכל אדם שנא׳ (תהילים קי״ט:צ״ט) מכל מלמדי השכלתי איזו עלוב שבעלובים זה שהוא עלוב כמשה רבינו שנאמר (במדבר י״ב:ג׳) והאיש משה עניו מאד. איזו עשיר שבעשירים זה ששמח בחלקו שנאמר

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Avot DeRabbi Natan, Recension B

Very high

בן זומא אומר חכם הלמד מכל אדם שנאמר מכל מלמדי השכלתי (תהלים קי"ט צ"ט). איזהו מכובד המכבד את הבריות שנאמר כי מכבדי אכבד ובוזי יקלו (שמואל א' ב' ל'). איזהו גבור הכובש את יצרו שנאמר טוב ארך אפים מגבור (מ

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Nicomachean Ethics · Aristotle

Very high

The same conclusion also appears to follow from a consideration of the self-sufficiency of happiness—for it is felt that the final good must be a thing sufficient in itself. The term self-sufficient,

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Nicomachean Ethics · Aristotle

Very high

Also the activity of contemplation will be found to possess in the highest degree the quality that is termed self-sufficiency; for while it is true that the wise man equally with the just man and the

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Nicomachean Ethics · Aristotle

Very high

Another debated question is whether friends are necessary or not for happiness. People say that the supremely happy are self-sufficing, and so have no need of friends: for they have the good things of

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De consolatione philosophiae · Boethius

Very high

Fragmenta Moralia · Chrysippus

Very high

Fragmenta Moralia · Chrysippus

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Fragmenta Moralia · Chrysippus

Very high
Very high

Epistulae · Seneca, Lucius Annaeus

Very high

Περὶ αὐταρκείας · Teles Megarenesis

Very high

De anima libri mantissa · Alexander of Aphrodisias

Very high

Apologia · Apuleius

Very high

Apologia · Apuleius

Very high

Eudemian Ethics · Aristotle

Very high

We must also consider self-sufficiency and friendship, and the interrelationship of their potentialities. For one may raise the question whether if a person be self-sufficing in every respect he will

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Eudemian Ethics · Aristotle

Very high

This is most manifest in the case of God; for it is clear that as he needs nothing more he will not need a friend, and that supposing he has no need of one he will not have one. Consequently the happi

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Magna Moralia · Aristotle

Very high

Metaphysics · Aristotle

Very high

Now it is remarkable if that which is primary and eternal and supremely self-sufficient does not possess this very quality, viz. self-sufficiency and immunity, in a primary degree and as something goo

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