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greek-ethicsfeatured in 40 works

The Dichotomy of Control

Some things are up to us and some are not — and peace begins with knowing the difference.

The dichotomy of control is the Stoic teaching that our own judgments, desires, and choices are 'up to us' (eph' hēmin), while externals — health, reputation, wealth, the actions of others — are not, so we should invest our concern only in what we can govern. It is the opening lesson of the Enchiridion by Epictetus, a 1st–2nd century CE freed slave turned teacher, and the practical heart of Stoic serenity. The idea still echoes today in cognitive therapy and the 'serenity prayer.'

How it traveled

  1. Eudemian Ethics
    Chalcis · -322
    explains
  2. Nicomachean Ethics
    Chalcis · -322
    explains
  3. Discourses
    Nicopolis · 108
    explains
  4. Fragments
    Nicopolis · 135
    explains
  5. The Handbook
    Nicopolis · 135
    explains
  6. Ad Se Ipsum
    Vindobona (Vienna) · 170
    explains
  7. Berakhot
    Sura (Babylonia) · 500
  8. Kiddushin
    Sura (Babylonia) · 500
  9. Shabbat
    Sura (Babylonia) · 500
  10. Midrash Tanchuma
    Tiberias · 600
  11. Midrash Tanchuma Buber
    Tiberias · 600
  12. Duties of the Heart
    Zaragoza (Saragossa) · 1080
  13. Yalkut Shimoni on Torah
    Tiberias · 1250
  14. Yalkut Shimoni on Nach
    Tiberias · 1250
  15. Zohar
    Guadalajara · 1280
  16. Sefer HaIkkarim
    Soria · 1425
  17. Abarbanel on Torah
    Naples · 1505
  18. Ketem Paz on Zohar
    Tzfat · 1561
  19. Reshit Chokhmah
    Tzfat · 1575
  20. Ohr HaChammah on Zohar
    Tzfat · 1620
  21. Mikdash Melekh, RaMaZ Commentary on Zohar
    Tzfat · 1680
  22. Mesillat Yesharim
    Amsterdam · 1738
  23. Tanya
    Liadi · 1797
  24. Likutei Moharan
    Breslov (Ukraine) · 1802
  25. Maor VaShemesh
    Krakow (Cracow) · 1817
  26. Likutei Halakhot
    Breslov (Ukraine) · 1840
  27. Malbim on Job
    Bucharest · 1860
  28. Malbim on Genesis
    Bucharest · 1860
  29. Malbim on Psalms
    Bucharest · 1860
  30. Malbim on Isaiah
    Bucharest · 1860
  31. Malbim on Deuteronomy
    Bucharest · 1860
  32. Torah Temimah on Torah
    Pinsk · 1904
  33. Epistulae
    explains
  34. Fragmenta Logica et Physica
    Athens
    explains
  35. Historia Romana
    Rome
    explains
  36. De fato
    Athens
    explains
  37. Quod Omnis Probus Liber Sit
    explains
  38. Fragmenta Moralia
    Athens
    explains
  39. De Constantia
    explains
  40. Praeparatio Evangelica
    explains

Key passages(20)

The Handbook · Epictetus

Very high

OF things some are in our power, and others are not. In our power are opinion (ὑπόληψις), movement towards a thing (ὁρμή), desire, aversion (ἔκκλισις, turning from a thing); and in a word, whatever ar

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Discourses · Epictetus

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Of the things which are in our power, and not in our power. OF all the faculties (except that which I shall soon mention), you will find not one which is capable of contemplating itself, and, conseque

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Discourses · Epictetus

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That confidence (courage) is not inconsistent with caution. THE opinion of the philosophers perhaps seems to some to be a paradox; but still let us examine as well as we can, if it is true that it is

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Discourses · Epictetus

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How magnanimity is consistent with care. THINGS themselves (materials) are indifferent; but the use of them is not indifferent. How then shall a man preserve firmness and tranquillity, and at the same

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Discourses · Epictetus

Very high

Of contentment. WITH respect to gods, there are some who say that a divine being does not exist: others say that it exists, but is inactive and careless, and takes no forethought about any thing; a th

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De fato · Alexander of Aphrodisias

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De fato · Alexander of Aphrodisias

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De fato · Alexander of Aphrodisias

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De fato · Alexander of Aphrodisias

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Fragmenta Moralia · Chrysippus

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Fragmenta Logica et Physica · Chrysippus

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Fragmenta Logica et Physica · Chrysippus

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Fragmenta Logica et Physica · Chrysippus

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Fragmenta Logica et Physica · Chrysippus

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Fragmenta Logica et Physica · Chrysippus

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Fragmenta Logica et Physica · Chrysippus

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Fragmenta Logica et Physica · Chrysippus

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Stromata · Clement of Alexandria

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Vitae philosophorum · Diogenes Laertius

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For in matters which are for us to decide we shall neither choose this nor shrink from that; and things which are not for us to decide but happen of necessity, such as hunger, thirst and pain, we cann

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Discourses · Epictetus

Very high

Of natural affection. WHEN he was visited by one of the magistrates, Epictetus inquired of him about several particulars, and asked if he had children and a wife. The man replied that he had; and Epic

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