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greek-theologyfeatured in 40 works

Likeness to God

Becoming as much like god as a human can — Plato's answer to what the philosophic life is ultimately for.

Homoiōsis theōi, 'likeness to god,' is Plato's claim (notably in the Theaetetus, 176b, 4th century BCE) that the true goal of human life is to grow as like the divine as possible — through justice, wisdom, and holiness — and so to flee the evils of the mortal world. Later Platonists made the phrase the very definition of the ethical end (telos), preferring it to the Stoic 'life according to nature,' and it shaped Plotinus and the whole Neoplatonic ideal of ascent toward the divine. Through that channel it deeply influenced the language of imitating or assimilating to God in Jewish, Christian, and Islamic mysticism. The concept matters as antiquity's most enduring statement that the aim of philosophy is self-transformation toward the divine.

How it traveled

  1. Enneades
    Rome · 270
    explains
  2. Midrash Tanchuma Buber
    Tiberias · 600
  3. Midrash Tanchuma
    Tiberias · 600
  4. Duties of the Heart
    Zaragoza (Saragossa) · 1080
  5. Guide for the Perplexed
    Cairo · 1190
    synthesis
  6. Yalkut Shimoni on Nach
    Tiberias · 1250
  7. Yalkut Shimoni on Torah
    Tiberias · 1250
  8. Sha'arei Orah
    Guadalajara · 1260
  9. Zohar
    Guadalajara · 1280
  10. Tikkunei Zohar
    Guadalajara · 1280
  11. Zohar Chadash
    Guadalajara · 1290
  12. Sefer HaKanah
    Castile · 1380
  13. Sefer HaIkkarim
    Soria · 1425
  14. Akeidat Yitzchak
    Tarragona · 1490
  15. Abarbanel on Torah
    Naples · 1505
  16. Avodat HaKodesh (Ibn Gabbai)
    Cairo · 1523
  17. Pardes Rimmonim
    Tzfat · 1548
  18. Ketem Paz on Zohar
    Tzfat · 1561
  19. Sha'ar HaGilgulim
    Tzfat · 1570
  20. Pri Etz Chaim
    Tzfat · 1572
  21. Reshit Chokhmah
    Tzfat · 1575
  22. Ohr HaChammah on Zohar
    Tzfat · 1620
  23. Da'at Tevunot
    Padua · 1735
  24. Mikdash Melekh on Zohar
    Tzfat · 1750
  25. Tanya
    Liadi · 1797
  26. Likutei Moharan
    Breslov (Ukraine) · 1802
  27. Maor VaShemesh
    Krakow (Cracow) · 1817
  28. Sha'arei Avodah
    Strashelye · 1820
  29. Sha'arei HaYichud VeEmunah
    Strashelye · 1820
  30. Likutei Halakhot
    Breslov (Ukraine) · 1840
  31. Malbim on Psalms
    Bucharest · 1860
  32. Malbim on Song of Songs
    Bucharest · 1860
  33. Malbim on Genesis
    Bucharest · 1860
  34. Torah Temimah on Torah
    Pinsk · 1904
  35. BePardes HaChasidut VeHakabbalah
    Warsaw · 1910
  36. Sulam on Zohar
    Jerusalem · 1945
  37. Stromata
    explains
  38. Legum Allegoriarum Libri I-III
    explains
  39. Quis Rerum Divinarum Heres Sit
    explains
  40. De Somniis (lib. i-ii)
    explains

Key passages(20)

Guide for the Perplexed · Moses ben Maimon (Rambam) · 1190 CE

Very high

14 הוא הוסיף עניין חשוב אחר, והם דבריו "בָּאָרֶץ" (שם), שזה הוא ציר התורה. ולא כמחשבתם של המתפרצים, שחשבו שהשגחתו יתעלה מסתיימת אצל גלגל הירח ואילו הארץ ואשר בה עזובים, "עָזַב ה' אֶת הָאָרֶץ" (יחזקאל

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Sefer HaMitzvot · Moses ben Maimon (Rambam) · 1167 CE

Very high

היא שצונו להדמות בו יתעלה כפי היכולת והוא אמרו והלכת בדרכיו. וכבר נכפל זה הצווי ואמר ללכת בכל דרכיו ובא בפירוש (סוטה י"ד) מה הקב"ה נקרא חנון אף אתה היה חנון מה הקב"ה נקרא רחום אף אתה היה רחום מה הקב"

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Guide for the Perplexed · Moses ben Maimon (Rambam) · 1190 CE

Very high

חתימה13 חרגנו ממטרת הפרק, אבל ביארנו מדוע הצטמצם כאן בהזכרת פעולותיו אלו בלבד, משום שיש בהן צורך בהנהגת המדינות. כי תכלית מעלת האדם היא ההידמות אליו יתעלה כפי היכולת, כלומר שנדמה את פעולותינו לפעולותי

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Sforno on Leviticus · Ovadia Sforno · 1500 CE

Very high

כִּי קָדוֹשׁ אֲנִי ה׳ אֱלֹהֵיכֶם. וְרָאוּי שֶׁתִּדְמוּ אֵלַי כְּפִי הָאֶפְשָׁר בְּעִיּוּן וּבְמַעֲשֶׂה, וּלְהַשִּׂיג זֶה הַהִדָּמוּת בֵּאֵר שֶׁנִּצְטָרֵךְ לִשְׁמוֹר אֶת הַמִּצְווֹת הַכְּתוּבוֹת בַּלּו

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Handbook of Platonism · Alcinous

Very high

Liber de philosophorum sectis (epitome ap. Stobaeum) · Arius Didymus

Very high

Oratio III contra Arianos · Athanasius of Alexandria

Very high

Oratio III contra Arianos · Athanasius of Alexandria

Very high

Stromata · Clement of Alexandria

Very high

Stromata · Clement of Alexandria

Very high

Vitae philosophorum · Diogenes Laertius

Very high

On good and evil he would discourse to this effect. He maintained that the end to aim at is assimilation to God, that virtue is in itself sufficient for happiness, but that it needs in addition, as in

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De Ecclesiastica Theologia · Eusebius of Caesarea

Very high

Praeparatio Evangelica · Eusebius of Caesarea

Very high

Praeparatio Evangelica · Eusebius of Caesarea

Very high

Praeparatio Evangelica · Eusebius of Caesarea

Very high

Asclepius (verba Graeca solum) · Hermetica

Very high

Νοῦ πρὸς Ἑρμῆν · Hermetica

Very high

Protrepticus · Iamblichus

Very high

Protrepticus · Iamblichus

Very high

Adversus Porphyrium (Fragmenta) · Methodius

Very high