Practical Wisdom
The skill of seeing the right thing to do here and now — the master-virtue that steers all the others.
Practical wisdom (phronēsis) is Aristotle's name (4th c. BCE) for the intelligence that grasps what is good for human life and how to achieve it in concrete situations. Unlike abstract knowledge, it is the deliberative excellence that lets a person hit the right action at the right time, and Aristotle made it inseparable from genuine moral virtue. Revived in modern virtue ethics, it remains central to debates about judgment, expertise, and good decision-making.
How it traveled
- MemorabiliaAthens · -354explains
- CyropaediaAthens · -354explains
- Nicomachean EthicsChalcis · -322explains
- Eudemian EthicsChalcis · -322explains
- HistoriesMegalopolis · -118explains
- Institutio OratoriaRome · 95explains
- DiscoursesNicopolis · 108explains
- Ad Se IpsumVindobona (Vienna) · 170explains
- Avot DeRabbi NatanYavneh · 220
- Vitae philosophorum— · 240explains
- BerakhotSura (Babylonia) · 500
- Midrash Tanchuma BuberTiberias · 600
- Midrash MishleiEretz Yisrael (travels) · 750
- Mivchar HaPeninimGranada · 950
- Duties of the HeartZaragoza (Saragossa) · 1080
- Guide for the PerplexedCairo · 1190
- Yalkut Shimoni on NachTiberias · 1250
- Yalkut Shimoni on TorahTiberias · 1250
- Sha'arei TeshuvahGirona · 1260
- Sefer HaIkkarimSoria · 1425
- Akeidat YitzchakTarragona · 1490
- Abarbanel on TorahNaples · 1505
- Avodat HaKodesh (Ibn Gabbai)Cairo · 1523
- Reshit ChokhmahTzfat · 1575
- Ohr HaChammah on ZoharTzfat · 1620
- Mesillat YesharimAmsterdam · 1738
- Likutei MoharanBreslov (Ukraine) · 1802
- Maor VaShemeshKrakow (Cracow) · 1817
- Sha'arei AvodahStrashelye · 1820
- Likutei HalakhotBreslov (Ukraine) · 1840
- Malbim on ProverbsBucharest · 1860
- Malbim on PsalmsBucharest · 1860
- Malbim on GenesisBucharest · 1860
- Malbim on I SamuelBucharest · 1860
- Malbim on IsaiahBucharest · 1860
- Malbim on JobBucharest · 1860
- Torah Temimah on TorahPinsk · 1904
- Historia RomanaRomeexplains
- Historical LibrarySyracuse (Sicily)explains
- Legum Allegoriarum Libri I-III—explains
Key passages(20)
Mishneh Torah, Human Dispositions · Moses ben Maimon (Rambam) · 1176 CE
וְיֵשׁ בֵּין כָּל דֵּעָה וְדֵעָה הָרְחוֹקָה מִמֶּנָּה בַּקָּצֶה הָאַחֵר דֵּעוֹת בֵּינוֹנִיּוֹת זוֹ רְחוֹקָה מִזּוֹ. וְכָל הַדֵּעוֹת יֵשׁ מֵהֶן דֵּעוֹת שֶׁהֵן לָאָדָם מִתְּחִלַּת בְּרִיָּתוֹ לְפִי טֶבַ
Tap to expand
Mishneh Torah, Human Dispositions · Moses ben Maimon (Rambam) · 1176 CE
הַדֶּרֶךְ הַיְשָׁרָה הִיא מִדָּה בֵּינוֹנִית שֶׁבְּכָל דֵּעָה וְדֵעָה מִכָּל הַדֵּעוֹת שֶׁיֵּשׁ לוֹ לָאָדָם. וְהִיא הַדֵּעָה שֶׁהִיא רְחוֹקָה מִשְּׁתֵּי הַקְּצָווֹת רִחוּק שָׁוֶה וְאֵינָהּ קְרוֹבָה לֹ
Tap to expand
Mishneh Torah, Human Dispositions · Moses ben Maimon (Rambam) · 1176 CE
וּמִי שֶׁהוּא מְדַקְדֵּק עַל עַצְמוֹ בְּיוֹתֵר וְיִתְרַחֵק מִדֵּעָה בֵּינוֹנִית מְעַט לְצַד זֶה אוֹ לְצַד זֶה נִקְרָא חָסִיד. כֵּיצַד. מִי שֶׁיִּתְרַחֵק מִגֹּבַהּ הַלֵּב עַד הַקָּצֶה הָאַחֲרוֹן וְיִהְ
Tap to expand
De anima libri mantissa · Alexander of Aphrodisias
Ἠθικὰ προβλήματα [Sp.] · Alexander of Aphrodisias
Ἠθικὰ προβλήματα [Sp.] · Alexander of Aphrodisias
In Ethica Nicomachea Paraphrasis (Pseudepigraphum Olim A Constantino Palaeocappa confectum et olim sub auctore Heliodoro Prusensi vel Andronico Rhodio vel Olympiodoro) · Anonymi In Aristotelis Ethica Nicomachea
Moreover, Prudence is intimately connected with Moral Virtue, and this with Prudence, inasmuch as the first Principles which Prudence employs are determined by the Moral Virtues, and the right standar
Tap to expand
For Understanding does not deal with the things that exist for ever and are immutable, nor yet with all of the things that come into existence, but with those about which one may be in doubt and may d
Tap to expand
Thus Understanding does not mean either the possession or the acquisition of Prudence; but when we employ the faculty of Opinion to judge what another person says about matters that are in the sphere
Tap to expand
All these qualities, it is reasonable to say, refer to the same thing; indeed we attribute Considerateness, Understanding, Prudence, and Intelligence to the same persons when we say of people that the
Tap to expand
Now this faculty is not identical with Prudence, but Prudence implies it. But that eye of the soul of which we spoke cannot acquire the quality of Prudence without possessing Virtue. This we have said
Tap to expand
First then let us assert that Wisdom and Prudence, being as they are the virtues of the two parts of the intellect respectively, are necessarily desirable in themselves, even if neither produces any e
Tap to expand