Issurei Bi'ah (Forbidden Sexual Relations)
Jewish law defines a precise map of sexual relations that are forbidden, rooted in biblical law and elaborated across centuries.
At the heart of Jewish family law sits a detailed system—found first in the Torah (Leviticus 18 and 20)—that spells out which sexual relations are prohibited. This isn't simply a list of rules; it's a framework that shapes how Jewish communities understand marriage, family integrity, and ritual purity. The prohibitions include incestuous relations, relations during a woman's menstrual period (called niddah), relations with a married woman, and several other unions. Think of it like a legal architecture: the Torah gives the foundational categories, and later Jewish sages (especially Maimonides in his Mishneh Torah) built an entire interpretive edifice around them, clarifying boundaries, defining exceptions, and explaining the reasoning behind each restriction.
Over time, rabbinical interpreters didn't simply repeat the ancient rules—they re-read them, applied them to new situations, and wove them into a coherent philosophy of family, consent, and social order. The medieval codes (particularly the Shulchan Aruch's Even HaEzer section) refined and systematized these discussions into practical rulings that communities could follow. What makes this system distinctive is that it isn't arbitrary; each prohibition carries theological and social weight—protecting lineage, preserving the dignity of marriage, maintaining ritual separation, and upholding communal stability.
How it traveled
- Mishnah YevamotYavneh · 200explains
- SifraEretz Yisrael (travels) · 250explains
- Jerusalem Talmud YevamotTiberias · 400explains
- YevamotSura (Babylonia) · 500explains
- SanhedrinSura (Babylonia) · 500explains
- KiddushinSura (Babylonia) · 500explains
- KetubotSura (Babylonia) · 500explains
- Rif YevamotKairouan · 1085explains
- Mishneh Torah, Forbidden IntercourseFostat (Old Cairo) · 1180explains
- Mishneh Torah, Levirate Marriage and ReleaseFostat (Old Cairo) · 1180explains
- ChizkuniNorthern France · 1220explains
- Tosafot on YevamotTroyes (Champagne) · 1230explains
- Yalkut Shimoni on TorahTiberias · 1250explains
- Chiddushei Ramban on YevamotGirona · 1265explains
- Meiri on YevamotPerpignan · 1300explains
- Sefer HaChinukhBarcelona · 1300explains
- Meiri on KetubotPerpignan · 1300explains
- Meiri on KiddushinPerpignan · 1300explains
- Meiri on SanhedrinPerpignan · 1300explains
- Meiri on GittinPerpignan · 1300explains
- Sefer HaTashbetzTunis · 1430explains
- Nimukei Yosef on YevamotSpain (medieval) · 1450explains
- Bartenura on Mishnah YevamotJerusalem · 1482explains
- Shulchan Arukh, Even HaEzerTzfat · 1565explains
- Tosafot Yom Tov on Mishnah YevamotPrague · 1613explains
- Turei Zahav on Shulchan Arukh, Even HaEzerLviv (Lemberg) · 1646explains
- Chelkat MechokekVilna (Vilnius) · 1670explains
- Beit ShmuelFrankfurt am Main · 1689explains
- Penei Yehoshua on KiddushinFrankfurt am Main · 1730explains
- Penei Yehoshua on KetubotFrankfurt am Main · 1730explains
- Ba'er Hetev on Shulchan Arukh, Even HaEzerPrague · 1742explains
- Beur HaGra on Shulchan Arukh, Even HaEzerVilna (Vilnius) · 1780explains
- Beit Meir on Shulchan Arukh, Even HaEzerFrankfurt am Main · 1787explains
- Chokhmat Shlomo on Shulchan Arukh, Even HaEzerLublin · 1855explains
- Chokhmat Shlomo on Shulchan Arukh, Even HaEzerBrody · 1855explains
- Arukh HaShulchanNovardok (Novogrudok) · 1884explains
- Torah Temimah on TorahPinsk · 1904explains
- Commentary on Sefer Hamitzvot of RasagLviv (Lemberg) · 1914explains
- Introductions to the Babylonian TalmudJerusalem · 1950explains
- Tosefta Kifshutah on YevamotJerusalem · 1959explains
Key passages(20)
כִּֽי־יִמָּצֵ֨א אִ֜ישׁ שֹׁכֵ֣ב ׀ עִם־אִשָּׁ֣ה בְעֻֽלַת־בַּ֗עַל וּמֵ֙תוּ֙ גַּם־שְׁנֵיהֶ֔ם הָאִ֛ישׁ הַשֹּׁכֵ֥ב עִם־הָאִשָּׁ֖ה וְהָאִשָּׁ֑ה וּבִֽעַרְתָּ֥ הָרָ֖ע מִיִּשְׂרָאֵֽל׃ {ס}  
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אָר֗וּר שֹׁכֵב֙ עִם־אֲחֹת֔וֹ בַּת־אָבִ֖יו א֣וֹ בַת־אִמּ֑וֹ וְאָמַ֥ר כׇּל־הָעָ֖ם אָמֵֽן׃ {ס}
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אָר֕וּר שֹׁכֵ֖ב עִם־חֹֽתַנְתּ֑וֹ וְאָמַ֥ר כׇּל־הָעָ֖ם אָמֵֽן׃ {ס}
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עֶרְוַ֤ת בַּת־בִּנְךָ֙ א֣וֹ בַֽת־בִּתְּךָ֔ לֹ֥א תְגַלֶּ֖ה עֶרְוָתָ֑ן כִּ֥י עֶרְוָתְךָ֖ הֵֽנָּה׃ {ס}
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עֶרְוַ֨ת בַּת־אֵ֤שֶׁת אָבִ֙יךָ֙ מוֹלֶ֣דֶת אָבִ֔יךָ אֲחוֹתְךָ֖ הִ֑וא לֹ֥א תְגַלֶּ֖ה עֶרְוָתָֽהּ׃ {ס}
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עֶרְוַ֥ת אֲחוֹת־אָבִ֖יךָ לֹ֣א תְגַלֵּ֑ה שְׁאֵ֥ר אָבִ֖יךָ הִֽוא׃ {ס}
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עֶרְוַ֥ת אֲחֽוֹת־אִמְּךָ֖ לֹ֣א תְגַלֵּ֑ה כִּֽי־שְׁאֵ֥ר אִמְּךָ֖ הִֽוא׃ {ס}
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עֶרְוַ֥ת אֲחִֽי־אָבִ֖יךָ לֹ֣א תְגַלֵּ֑ה אֶל־אִשְׁתּוֹ֙ לֹ֣א תִקְרָ֔ב דֹּדָֽתְךָ֖ הִֽוא׃ {ס}
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עֶרְוַ֥ת כַּלָּֽתְךָ֖ לֹ֣א תְגַלֵּ֑ה אֵ֤שֶׁת בִּנְךָ֙ הִ֔וא לֹ֥א תְגַלֶּ֖ה עֶרְוָתָֽהּ׃ {ס}
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עֶרְוַ֥ת אֵֽשֶׁת־אָחִ֖יךָ לֹ֣א תְגַלֵּ֑ה עֶרְוַ֥ת אָחִ֖יךָ הִֽוא׃ {ס}
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עֶרְוַ֥ת אִשָּׁ֛ה וּבִתָּ֖הּ לֹ֣א תְגַלֵּ֑ה אֶֽת־בַּת־בְּנָ֞הּ וְאֶת־בַּת־בִּתָּ֗הּ לֹ֤א תִקַּח֙ לְגַלּ֣וֹת עֶרְוָתָ֔הּ שַׁאֲרָ֥ה הֵ֖נָּה זִמָּ֥ה הִֽוא׃
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וּבְכׇל־בְּהֵמָ֛ה לֹא־תִתֵּ֥ן שְׁכׇבְתְּךָ֖ לְטׇמְאָה־בָ֑הּ וְאִשָּׁ֗ה לֹֽא־תַעֲמֹ֞ד לִפְנֵ֧י בְהֵמָ֛ה לְרִבְעָ֖הּ תֶּ֥בֶל הֽוּא׃
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אִ֥ישׁ אִישׁ֙ אֶל־כׇּל־שְׁאֵ֣ר בְּשָׂר֔וֹ לֹ֥א תִקְרְב֖וּ לְגַלּ֣וֹת עֶרְוָ֑ה אֲנִ֖י יְהֹוָֽה׃ {ס}
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עֶרְוַ֥ת אָבִ֛יךָ וְעֶרְוַ֥ת אִמְּךָ֖ לֹ֣א תְגַלֵּ֑ה אִמְּךָ֣ הִ֔וא לֹ֥א תְגַלֶּ֖ה עֶרְוָתָֽהּ׃ {ס}
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עֶרְוַ֥ת אֵֽשֶׁת־אָבִ֖יךָ לֹ֣א תְגַלֵּ֑ה עֶרְוַ֥ת אָבִ֖יךָ הִֽוא׃ {ס}
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עֶרְוַ֨ת אֲחֽוֹתְךָ֤ בַת־אָבִ֙יךָ֙ א֣וֹ בַת־אִמֶּ֔ךָ מוֹלֶ֣דֶת בַּ֔יִת א֖וֹ מוֹלֶ֣דֶת ח֑וּץ לֹ֥א תְגַלֶּ֖ה עֶרְוָתָֽן׃ {ס}
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וְאִ֗ישׁ אֲשֶׁ֤ר יִשְׁכַּב֙ אֶת־אֵ֣שֶׁת אָבִ֔יו עֶרְוַ֥ת אָבִ֖יו גִּלָּ֑ה מֽוֹת־יוּמְת֥וּ שְׁנֵיהֶ֖ם דְּמֵיהֶ֥ם בָּֽם׃
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וְאִ֗ישׁ אֲשֶׁ֤ר יִשְׁכַּב֙ אֶת־כַּלָּת֔וֹ מ֥וֹת יוּמְת֖וּ שְׁנֵיהֶ֑ם תֶּ֥בֶל עָשׂ֖וּ דְּמֵיהֶ֥ם בָּֽם׃
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וְאִ֗ישׁ אֲשֶׁ֨ר יִשְׁכַּ֤ב אֶת־זָכָר֙ מִשְׁכְּבֵ֣י אִשָּׁ֔ה תּוֹעֵבָ֥ה עָשׂ֖וּ שְׁנֵיהֶ֑ם מ֥וֹת יוּמָ֖תוּ דְּמֵיהֶ֥ם בָּֽם׃
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וְאִ֗ישׁ אֲשֶׁ֨ר יִקַּ֧ח אֶת־אִשָּׁ֛ה וְאֶת־אִמָּ֖הּ זִמָּ֣ה הִ֑וא בָּאֵ֞שׁ יִשְׂרְפ֤וּ אֹתוֹ֙ וְאֶתְהֶ֔ן וְלֹא־תִהְיֶ֥ה זִמָּ֖ה בְּתוֹכְכֶֽם׃
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