Sa'di of Shiraz

Sa'di (in full, by tradition, Abu Muhammad Musharrif al-Din Muslih ibn Abd Allah) was a Persian poet and prose stylist of Shiraz, in the region of Fars in southern Iran. His exact birth year is not documented; scholars estimate around 1210 CE (606 AH) by working backward from remarks in his own writing, and his death is placed in late 1291 or 1292 CE (691 AH). He is best known for two works dedicated to the Salghurid atabegs (provincial rulers) of Fars: the Bustan ("Orchard," completed 1257), entirely in verse, and the Gulistan ("Rose Garden," completed 1258), a blend of prose tales and short poems. Both gather moral anecdotes, counsel, and reflections on virtue, statecraft, and the life of dervishes (Sufi ascetics), and they became among the most widely read books in the Persian-speaking world.

By tradition Sa'di studied in Baghdad and then wandered for decades through Iraq, Syria, and the Hijaz before settling again in Shiraz under the atabeg Abu Bakr ibn Sa'd. His books are full of first-person travel anecdotes, but modern scholars (notably P. Losensky and H. Katouzian) caution that many were likely shaped for rhetorical effect rather than recorded as fact; tales of fourteen pilgrimages to Mecca, a journey to Abyssinia, captivity by Crusaders at Tripoli, or a visit to distant Kashgar cannot be verified and several are historically improbable. He died in Shiraz, where his tomb remains a place of visitation.